THE
SPANISH VERB
WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON
SPANISH PRONUNCIATION
BY
IST LIEUT. PETER E. TRAUB, IST U. S. CAVALRY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FRENCH AT THE U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
PROFESSOR E. E. WOOD
DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES, U. S. M. A.
NEW YORK - : - CINCINNATI - : - CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY
P. E. TRAUB
THE SPANISH VERB
E-P 1
PREFACE
OWING to the acquisition of our new territory in the Atlantic and
Pacific as the result of the Hispano-American War of 1898, an
intimate knowledge of the Spanish language has suddenly become of
great military, naval, industrial, and commercial importance. The
Pronunciation and the Verb are the prime factors of this knowledge,
since without them the intelligent expression of thought would be
impossible.
The necessity for writing this book lies in the fact that there is no
treatise on the Spanish verb in existence, and no satisfactory work on
Spanish pronunciation.
This book embodies the results of the corresponding portion of
the system in vogue at the United States Military Academy, whereby
a thorough knowledge of the essentials of Spanish is imparted to
the cadet in the short period of three months.
The portion treating of pronunciation is in accordance with the
latest teaching of the Spanish Academy, and takes into account the
peculiarities attending the Spanish-American speech as found to-day
in our Island possessions. The system followed in the verb is that
of constant repetition, every verb being fully written out, even the
English translation in each case. Experience in teaching convinces
nearly all instructors that constant and unabridged repetition, not only
for the ear but also for the eye, is the only correct way to teach a lan-
guage, and more especially the verbs of a language.
A constant reference was of course necessary to the Grammar of the
Spanish Academy, the foundation of all works on this language pub-
lished here and abroad.
iv PREFACE
I wish to tender my grateful acknowledgments to Professor E. E.
Wood, Department of Modern Languages, U. S. M. A., for nearly
everything of value and originality in this book, both in the material and
in the arrangement. The explanation of the reflexive substitute for the
passive, the lucid method of writing out the imperative affirmative and
negative, the presentation of the reflexive verbs, the uses of ser and
estar, and nearly all the remarks concerning the formation of the verb
and the use of the tenses, are original with him, have been constantly
made use of by him in the section-room at West Point, and now appear
in print for the first time. Even when occupied with most pressing
duties, he would kindly consent to go over the manuscript patiently, ad-
vising, correcting and suggesting points that invariably enhanced its
value.
PETER E. TRAUB.
WASHINGTON, D. C., October i, 1899.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SPANISH PRONUNCIATION
PAGE
The Alphabet . i
Pronunciation ... . i
Vowels ........... 2
Consonants ........... 3
Exercises for Vowels and Consonants ...... 5
Diphthongs and Triphthongs ....... 6
Exercises for Diphthongs and Triphthongs ..... 6
The Written or Graphic Accent ....... 7
Syllabication .......... 8
Capitals and Punctuation ........ 9
General Exercises ......... 9
Reading Exercise .......... 10
Spanish- American Pronunciation . . . . . . . 12
THE SPANISH VERB
Classification of Spanish Verbs . . . . . , . 13
The Three Conjugations . . . . . . . . 13
On the Use of the Tenses . . . . . . . . 15
General Remarks on the Formation of the Verb . . . . 17
Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb Haber ..... 20
Regular Verbs : Terminations of the Three Conjugations . . 21
Conjugation of the Model Verb Hablar ...... 24
The Formation of the Compound Tenses . . . . . 27
Compound Tenses of Hablar . ....... 28
The Interrogative Conjugation ... ... 30
The Negative Conjugation ... .... 31
The Negative-Interrogative Conjugation . . ... 34
Conjugation of the Model Verb Comer ...... 36
Conjugation of the Model Verb Vivir . . . . . . 38
Orthographic Changes ......... 40
Table of Orthographic Changes ....... 40
Conjugation of the Verb Sacar ....... 42
" " " Pagar 44
" " '' Averiguar ...... 46
" " " Lanzar . . .... 48
VI CONTENTS
PAGE
Conjugation of the Verb Veneer . . . . . . . 50
" « " Esparcir ....... 52
" « " Coger 54
« " " Dirigir 56
" « « Delinquir 58
" " " Distinguir ...... 60
" " " Mullir . . .... 62
" " " Brunir . . .... 64
" « « 7#«*r . . . . . 66
« « « Crar 68
" " " Continuar . . . . . • . 70
" " Auxiliary Verb Estar ..... 72
" " Progressive Verb Estar Comiendo . ... 74
Pronominal Verbs ......... 76
Table of Personal Pronouns and their Inflections .... 79
Conjugation of the (Accusative) Reflexive Verb Lavarse ... 80
Negative and Interrogative Conjugations of Reflexive Verbs . . 82
Conjugation of the (Dative) Reflexive Verb Permitirse ... 84
Conjugation of the Permanent Reflexive Verb Alegrarse . . 86
Impersonal Conjugation of the Permanent Reflexive Verb Alegrarse . 88
Impersonal Reflexive used for the Personal Reflexive ... 90
Conjugation of the Reciprocal Verb Abrazarse . . . . 91
" " Auxiliary Verb Ser ...... 92
" " Passive Verb Ser Amado . . . . 94
Reflexive Substitute for the Passive ...... 96
Impersonal Verbs .......... 97
Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs . . . . . . . 99
Irregular Verbs .... . . ... .104
First Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Pensar . . . . .108
" « " " Errar . . . . .112
" " " " Sonar . . . . . 114
« « « « Jugar 116
" « « " Perder 118
" " « « Mover 120
" " « " Oler 122
" « « « Cocer 124
" " « " Discernir 126
Second Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Sentir . . . . .128
" " " « Erguir • . . . .130
" « « " Adquirir . . . .132
134
CONTENTS vii
PAGE
Third Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Servir . . . . .136
" " " Reir . . . ' . .138
Fourth Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Conocer ..... 140
« « " « Lucir 144
Fifth Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Atribuir . . . . .146
" " " " Argiiir . ... . . 148
Sixth Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Andar . . . . .150
« « « " Caber 152
" « " " Decir 154
« " " " Traducir . . . .156
" " " " Hacer 158
« « " " Poder 160
" " " " Poner 162
" " " '• Querer . . . . .164
" " « " Saber 166
" " " " Tener 168
" " " " Traer 170
« " " " Venir 172
Seventh Class :
Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Asir . . . . . 1 74
« " « « Caer 176
« " " « Dar 178
« « « " 7r 1 80
" « " " /rj^ . . . , 182
" " " " Olr .... '.*- 184
" " " " Salir . 1 86
" " " " Valer 188
" « « " Ver 190
« « " « Ffl^r 192
Table of the Classes of Irregular Verbs . . . . . .194
Defective Verbs . . . . . . . . . .195
Conjugation of the Defective Verb Abolir . . . . .196
Other Defective Verbs ......... 198
Irregular Past Participles . . . . . . . . 200
INDEX 203
SPANISH
PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENT
THE ALPHABET
I. The Spanish alphabet comprises thirty letters ; twenty-six
simple and four compound, as follows :
aracters
Names
Pronunciation Characters
Names
Pronunciation
a
a
a in mama
n
ene
ff nay
b
be
bay
n
ene
ain'yay
c
ce
tha in thane^
0
0
o in lone
ch
che
cha in chafe
P
pe
pay
d
de
they
q
cu
coo
e
e
d in bale
r
ere
a' ray
f
efe
a fay
rr
erre
air1 ray
g
ge
hay
s
ese
a say
h
hache
a' tchay
t
te
td in take
i
i
ee in fee
u
u
oo in pool
j
jota
ho'ta
V
ve
vay
k
ka
ca in carry
w
doble
u though' b lay oo
1
ele
a' lay
X
equis
ct kees
11
elle
ail' y ay
y
ye
yay
m
eme
a' may
z
zeta
tha ta, (th in thane}
2. These letters, consisting of- vowels and consonants, are all
of the feminine gender and, with the exception of c and g, have
always practically the same sound. Ex.: la i, las ics; la jota,
las jotas.
3. TTand w are used only in words from foreign languages.
Ex. : Washington, kilogramo.
PRONUNCIATION
4. In Spanish the vowel sounds preponderate. They are full
and sonorous, whereas the consonant sounds are more or less
slurred and even suppressed.
2 PRONUNCIATION — VOWELS
5. With the exception of k and of // when the latter is placed
after q (see 27), and in certain cases when placed after g (see
20, 3), there are no silent letters in Spanish; for, excepting the
above, every letter in a word is pronounced.
6. The sounds in Spanish are not given as sharply as in Eng-
lish, tonic accent being nothing more than a lengthening of the
accented syllable. This indolent intonation produces a more or
less drawling effect in the language, when spoken slowly.
NOTE: Until the written or graphic accent is explained (see 44), the vowel to be pro-
longed in sound will be indicated in heavy type. Should a written accent O appear over
a vowel in heavy type, the sound is not at all affected thereby.
VOWELS
7. The vowels are a, e, i, (y,) o, u.
a sounds like a in mama. Ex. : la, ma, na, ta, fa.
e sounds like a in bale. Ex. : le, me, ne, te, fe.
i (y) sounds like ee in fee. Ex. : li, ly, mi, my, ni, ny, ti, ty.
0 sounds like o in lone. Ex. : lo, mo, no, to, fo.
u sounds like oo in pool. Ex. : lu, mu, nu, tu, f u.
NOTE : In these and similar monosyllabic examples the vowels in Spanish are pronounced
without the slight glide at the end. so common in English, and making almost an additional
syllable. Therefore do not pronounce as though it were Iduh, leuh, Huh. 16uh, liiuh, etc., but
do pronounce -without this addition, clear, full, and prolonged, la, le, li, lo, lu, etc.
8. Double e (ee) occurs in some words. Each e is sounded.
Ex. : lee, cree.
9. Final unaccented e is shortened in sound like ai in said.
Ex. : vase (va-se, not va-say).
10. Before n and r, ending a^ syllable,
e sounds like ai in fair. Ex. : comer, romper, goWrnar.
0 sounds like o in long. Ex. : el humor, el honor, la
honra.
11. U, when sounded before another vowel in the same syllable,
is like the English w in way. Ex. : agua = a-gwa, bueno =
bweno, Gudnica = Gwd-ni-ca (not a-goo-a, boo-e-no, Goo-
&-ni-ca). But gradiie = gra-doo-e, because u and e are not in
the same syllable (see 46).
12. Y is a vowel when it stands alone or at the end of a word.
Ex.: y, ley, rey.
PRONUNCIATION — CONSONANTS 3
CONSONANTS
13. The consonants are b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, 11, m, n, n}
p, q, r, rr, s, t, v, w, x, (y,) z.
14. B is almost like the English b, but the lips are not pressed
together in sounding the Spanish b. Owing to this, b and
v sound very much alike and are often mistaken one for the
other : Spanish Habana is written and pronounced in Eng-
lish Havana. Ex. : bomba, bonito, d£bil, de"bito.
15. C has two distinct sounds.
1. Before e or i it has the strong sound of /// in thin.
Ex. : cita, cena, Ponce.
2. In all other situations except ch, it has the sound of k.
Ex. : cabo, alcoba, cubo, electro.
3. Qu takes the place of c before c or i to give the sound
of k. Ex. : tocar, toque, chico, chiquito.
16. Cc occurs only before c or i; hence in accordance with the
preceding rule it has the sound of kth. Ex. : accesible,
dicci6n.
17. Ch has the sound of cJi in church. Ex. : chulo, china, chico,
chisme. Ch usually follows c in the dictionary.
18. D has the soft sound of th in then ; especially between
vowels, and before r. At the end of a word it approxi-
mates the sound of t. Ex. : vivido, hablado, Madrid.
19. F, k, 1, m, n, p, t, have the same sound as in English.
Ex. : feble, kil6metro, luna, mano, notable, pena, tocado.
20. G has two distinct sounds.
1. Before e or i it is a palatal guttural like ch in the Ger-
man ich. Ex. : general, gengibre, San Germdn.
2. In all other situations, it is hard like g in go. Ex. :
gato, goma, gusano.
3. To make g hard before c or i, u must be inserted be-
tween them. The u is not sounded. Ex. : gueta, guincha,
guindo, gueltre, Aguinaldo.
4. If necessary to sound the u oigue, gui, a diaeresis ( " )
must be placed over it. Ex. : verglienza, averigiie'is, argiiir,
Mayagiiez.
4 PRONUNCIATION — CONSONANTS
21. H is always silent except before ue, in which case it has the
sound of // in hole. Ex.: hablar, hambre, huevo, hueso.
22. J is always a strong guttural produced by depressing the
chin and clearing the throat, causing the soft palate to
vibrate. Ex. : jota, junta, jamds.
I. In reloj, pronounced reld,/ is silent. In the plural it
is sounded, relojes.
23. LI has the sound of ///' in William. Ex. : llorar, llevar,
Agoncillo, silla. It follows / in the dictionary.
24. Nm takes the place of mm in English words. Ex. : immer-
sion = inmersidn.
25. Nn occurs in some words, each n being sounded. Ex. : en-
negrecer.
26. N sounds like gn in mignonette. Ex. : ano, lena, otOno. It
follows ;/ in the dictionary.
NOTE : This mark («,) is called tilde in Spanish.
27. Q occurs only before tie or ui. Qu is then equal to k in
sound. Ex. : que, qui, querido, quiero. The English sound
of qu in quart is represented in Spanish by cu, Ex. : cuanto,
cuarto.
28. R has the sound of r in English ; but at the beginning and
end of words and after /, ;/, 5, it is slightly rolled. Ex. :
roto, hablar, alrededor, Enrique, ara.
29. Rr, each r is distinctly sounded, thus producing a strong
roll. Ex. : perro, ferrocarril, error.
30. S always has the hissing sound of s in sun. Ex. : su, se, solo,
son.
31. V is like the English v, except that the upper teeth are not
firmly pressed against the lower lip ; owing to this, v and
b sound very much alike, and are often mistaken one for
the other. Ex. : vara, vela, visto, votos.
32. W imitates the' sound it has in the language from which the
word is taken, for, like k, it is used only in foreign words.
Ex. : Wdldersee, West Point {pronounced Vdldersee, Uest
Point).
33. X has the sound of x in wax (waks}. Ex. : sexo, extran-
PRONUNCIATION — EXERCISES 5
gero, extreme. In older Spanish x was guttural, but/ now
takes the place of guttural x. Ex. : Mejico.
34. Y is a consonant when it begins a syllable ; it then has the
sound of y in you. Ex.: leyes, reyes, Cayo, Arroyo.
35. Z always has the strong sound of tli in thin. Ex. : zeta,
zapadOr, haz, zanja, Luz6n, Muiioz, Martinez.
EXERCISES
SIMPLE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
NOTE : In the following words, if a vowel has an accent (') over it, lengthen that vowel.
If there is no accent (') over any vowel and if the word ends in a vowel or n, s, lengthen the
vowel in the syllable next to the last ; but if the word ends in y or a consonant not n, s,
lengthen the vowel in the last syllable. The syllable that is lengthened should always be a
little higher in pitch than the others.
36. Amo, aya, toro, tela, vive, lima, uno, cuyo, nina, vine, ley,
rey, otro, tintero, amigo, amputar, capa, escabeche, modista,
mogote, purismo, santidad, gobernador, triste, humanidad, ber-
lina, encorvar, encorvada, todos, usted, canon, rifle, pistola,
grano, hacha, cruz, caballo, cenceno, cepita, comiste, hablaste,
corromper, proveer, yacer, asen, asgan, boveda, conozco, muchi-
simo, chiche, chiquito, cigarra, ciclo, cigiieno, cincho, certificado,
dolor de cabeza, fechar, filosofador, garganta, girofina, glandu-
Icso, gerifalte, gitano, gorgojoso, gorro, guzmanes, gutural,
borracho, guindilla, guerrilla, guedejudo, hombre, hocico, juez,
juzgado, joya, judas, jarapote, reloj, giralda, gesticular, liguilla,
libertadamente, lucir, llovido, llevadero, conmigo, chiquirritm,
motin, motines, motilon, motilones, ennoblecer, quemar, quere-
llarse, quintanon, quiromantico, santazo, sanmigueleno, samp-
suquino, expansive, extranamente, proximo, contrahaz, con-
trabandista, azucena, revolver, tipografico, cloroformo, carac-
tenstico, sinopsis, aproches, virulento, enfermiza, cable, capitan,
soldado, cabo, sargento, coronel, ejercito, electrometro, ellos,
vosotras, ustedes, gramatica, adjetivo, nombre, pronombre,
castellana, ejemplos, hija, silabas, acento, culebrazo, damnifica-
dor, desasosegadamente, musica, mojiganga, regocijadamente,
segundogenito, sencillez, villancejo, yasquero, zipizape, Malate,
Malolos, Quebradillas, Manila, Luneta, Fajardo, Culebra, Man-
zanillo, Filipinos.
6 DIPHTHONGS
DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS
37. The strong vowels are, a, o, e ; the weak vowels are i
00. «•
NOTE : y takes the place of * at the end of a word.
38. A diphthong is a combination of a strong vowel with a
weak vowel or of two weak vowels with each other, counting as
a single syllable, although each vowel has its own individual
sound.
39. A triphthong is a combination of a strong vowel between
two weak vowels, counting as a single syllable, although each
vowel has its own individual sound.
40. In a diphthong or triphthong, the strong vowel is pitched
a little higher than the weak and is prolonged at the expense of
the weak vowel or vowels. If the diphthong consists of two
weak vowels, it is always the last one that is prolonged.
41. Two strong vowels coming together count as two syllables.
Ex. : a e, a o, oje, e o, e a, o|a.
trae, maestro, aecho, acaece ; nao, rao, aova, aojo ; toesa,
moeda, roer, poeta ; meneo, deseo, veo, trineo ; oc6ano, zea,
lea, scan, aspeado ; boa, boato, poa, roano ; zee, lee, roo,
zoofito, Humacao, Mindanao, Coamo, guineo.
DIPHTHONGS. (Strong and weak vowels)
42. i. ai, ay, au, ia, ua; oi, oy, ou, io, uo; ei, ey, eu, ie, ue.
aire, hay, paraiso, caiga; pausa, aun, causar; aliviado, ro-
ciada, biasa, piache ; cuando, cuatro, Juan, mengua ; zoilo, oigo,
oidor, hoy, soy, vOy, doy ; bou, toucdn, coutelina ; Dios, biombo,
diobre ; fatuo, duodeno ; aceite, reino, reir ; rey, bey, dey ;
deuda, feudar, viene, tiempo, nadie, efigie ; nuevo, pues, puerto,
bueno, Cayey, Siboney, Jauco, Yauco, Santiago, Guanajay, El
Caney, Cauto.
DIPHTHONGS. (Two weak vowels)
2. iu, ui, uy.
viudo, ciudad, diurno ; zuiza, fuir, huimos, ruido ; muy.
TRIPHTHONGS — GRAPHIC ACCENT 7
TRIPHTHONGS
43. iai, iei, uai, uay, uei, uey.
varidis, varie"is, averigudis, averigiie'is, Paraguay, Uruguay,
buey, Chiluey.
NOTE: The vowels in the order of sonorousness are a, o, e, i, u; so that the
division into strong and weak is not arbitrary but natural.
It is belived by some that unless a diphthong or triphthong gets the tonic ac-
cent each vowel is of exactly the same length. Ex. : baile, bailarin.
In the first case, a is prolonged at the expense of z, because bai gets the tonic
accent ; whereas in the second case, since the tonic accent is not on bai, it is
claimed that a and i are of exactly the same length. This might be the case if the
division into strong and weak vowels were arbitrary ; but being a natural division,
based upon the organs of speech, diphthongs and triphthongs should always be
pronounced more or less the same way, whether they get the tonic accent or not.
THE WRITTEN OR GRAPHIC ACCENT
44. The graphic accent (') indicates to the eye the fact that-
the word over which it appears is an exception to one of the
two general laws of Spanish pronunciation, or else it shows that
the word is used with exceptional meaning.
These laws are :
1. Words of more than one syllable ending in a vowel (except
j), or in a diphthong, or either of the consonants, n, s, have the
tonic accent on the next to the last syllable. Ex. : amigo, ven-
tana, hablan, reyes, porque, seria, nadie.
2. Words of more than one syllable ending in y, or in any
consonant except n or s, have the tonic accent on the last sylla-
ble. Ex. : estoy, Paraguay, hablar, corned, mortal.
45. If the word is not pronounced in accordance with the above
laws, a graphic accent must be used to indicate which syllable
gets the tonic accent. Ex. : rinc6n, hueVfano, Andre's.
46. If the syllable requiring the graphic accent is a diphthong
or a triphthong, the graphic accent must be placed over the strong
vowel, or over the last of two weak ones. Ex. : pi£lago, des-
pues, caustico.
But, if the Spaniard pronounces the word (consult Spanish
dictionary) with the tonic accent on any other vowel, the
8 GRAPHIC ACCENT — SYLLABICATION
graphic accent must appear, of course, over such vowel, thus
dissolving the diphthong or triphthong into two syllables. Ex. :
leido, gradue, dias, bahia.
47. The following monosyllables are always written with a
graphic accent:
1. The preposition a and the conjunctions e, o, n.
2. Monosyllabic forms of verbs in the Past Definite. Ex.:
fin, fue", di, dio, vi, vio, etc.
3. The more emphatic one of two monosyllables of identical
form. Ex.: £1, he, el, the; mas, more, mas, but; tu, than, tu,
thy.
48. The graphic accent is used to distinguish between the uses
of the same word in different meanings. Ex. : solo, only, solo,
alone; que? what? que, that; como? how? como, as; bajo,
I go down, bajo, under.
49. The graphic accent is used in certain correlatives : cuales
. . . cuales.
NOTE : The graphic accent over the / does away with the dot, i. The initial letter of a
sentence, although a capital, takes the graphic accent when necessary. Ex. : A decir verdad,
no puedo comer.
50. The foregoing is the method of using the graphic accent
adopted by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1888. Up to that
time n and s had been considered as consonants ; by this system,
they are considered as vowels, for purposes of written accentua-
tion.
SYLLABICATION
51. A single consonant between two vowels always goes with
the following vowel to form a syllable : ca-sa, me-sa, a-mor,
flu-xion.
52. The letters ch, II, n and rr are considered as simple con-
sonants : chi-co, ca-lle, ni-no, tie-rra.
53. Generally two or three consonants between vowels are
separated ; the first one belonging to the preceding syllable :
con-ten-to, in-mer-sion, ac-cion, en-no-ble-cer.
54. Diphthongs and triphthongs are indivisible : bue-no, la-bo-
rio-so, a-ve-ri-gii6is, ver-giien-za, a-ve-ri-guais.
CAPITALS — PUNCTUATION 9
CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION
55. Capitals are used as in English.
El es Juan. Quiero estar en Paris.
56. The following are exceptions :
1 . The names of the days of the week and of the months of
the year :
January, enero, June, junto, August, agosto ; Monday, hines,
Saturday, sabado, Sunday, domingo.
2. Proper adjectives :
El libro frances, the French book ; el comerciante aleman, the
German merchant.
But el France's, the Frenchman, el Aleman, the German.
3. The pronoun yo, unless it begins a sentence or introduces
a direct quotation :
Yo estoy aqui. El ha dicho : " Yo tengo dinero." dQue he
dicho yo?
57. Rules for punctuation are the same as in English, except
that interrogative and exclamatory sentences require in addition
an inverted mark at the beginning ( £ ) ( \ ) unless the sentence
commences with an interrogative pronoun or adverb, which, al-
ways having an accent, will indicate sufficiently the kind of sen-
tence. This, however, is not always followed, and it is always
correct to use the two marks in any interrogative or exclama-
tory sentence. Ex. : <; Quiere V. este libro ? Que tienes, Juanito ?
Que lastima ! \ Ay de mi !
GENERAL EXERCISES
DIPHTHONGS, TRIPHTHONGS, AND TWO STRONG VOWELS
58. Aire, airoso, cantais, hay, causa, caudal, heroico, voy, soy,
sois, bou, rey, reinado, veis, feudo, eunuco, lluvia, diablo, cual,
agua, aprobacion, nacion, cuota, mutuo, fiel, nieto, nadie, pues,
fuego, pueril, ciudad, viudo, muy, cuidado, cuita. Cambiais, va-
rieis, fraguais, guay, santigueis, buey, pais, aun, oido, lei, armonia,
periodo, confie, falua, continue, continue, fluido, dia, tio, duo,
leido, caida. Caer, traemos, aecho, aereo, aerometro, aoristo,
I O EXERCISES — READING
aovado, oenas, oeste, oenate, eolico, veo, leo, ea pues ! marea,
galantea, cojea, bautismo, toreador, canoa, canoero, canoi, cano-
ita, guardia, faccioso, droguena, juez, creere", reunir, he"roe, cua-
dro, cuaderno, cuestion, cuestiones, matiguelo, parihuela, san-
guisuela, sanglieso, excepcion, argliimos, cuesta, recuerdo, hierro,
suelo, sueno, yuxtaposicion, conmociones, giiepil, relampaguea,
meajuela, piernas, agonia, debio, menguada, cuotidiano, melifluo,
zuizon, mausoleo, toalla, meauca, mauseolo, Vizcaino, Camague-
yano, Nicaragiiense, caracteres, regimenes, tengase, buitre, anda-
mio, ganzua, ciguena, cazuela, cuidadoso, tortuoso, imbuido,
Escorial, majuelo, Malagueno, matrimonio, narracion, ocurren-
cia, cuarenta, curioso, distraido, Guipuzcoano, Leonds, idioma,
ingeniero, leudo, juicio, monstruo, revuelto, tejuelo, santiguarse,
viajero, lisonjean, aeronautas, titubeo, bailadores, pies, aver-
giienzo, aguardo, salteador, naufrago, hubiesemos, mareado,
oigo, usario, albaceazgo, votacion, Sierra Maestra, Guayama,
Aibonito, Utuardo, Vieques, Cienfuegos, Chihuahua, Puerto
Rico, Puertoriquena.
READING
NOTE : Spanish vowels coming together, whether in the same or different words, are
sounded with a smooth glide of the voice from one to the other, without the distinct separa-
tion made in sounding the vowels in English words. Ex. : M
LA HERMANA DE LA CARIDAD
59. " — Oyeme, y pasmate, Eduardo., Yo he visto aqui, un
ministro poderoso, dueno de la voluntad del rey, caer en des-
gracia. La gente lo sabia, y 61 lo ignoraba. Un baile fu£ la
serial de su desgracia. La reina acostumbraba a bailar todas
las noches de sarao el primer rigodon con 61 : la noche des-
tinada a herirle, no lo bailo. Apartaronse de 61 los cortesanos
como si estuviera apestado ; rieronse de su catadura los mismos
que le prestaban homenaje ; encontrose en aquellos salones
donde todas las frentes, hasta las frentes coronadas, le acata-
ban, solo, aislado, sin un amigo. Su desgracia crecio, y un dia
se vio preso, y otro proximo al cadalso, y hoy anda acaso en
tierra extrafia, pidiendo una miserable limosna para mantener a
sus hijos.
READING I I
— <;Y nosotros podemos temer eso mismo?
— Podemos, debemos temer mas, no lo dudes.
— Nos iremos a un pais extrano.
— No te dejaran.
— Pero, dijo Eduardo mirando el reloj, aun no es hora, no,
ni con mucho, de que venga.
— j Oh ! j Si no viniera, Dios mio ; si no viniera, como he
oido susurrar a mis enemigos por los jardines ! . . .
Y Margarita se pasaba la mano con delirio por la frente, como
para alejar una sombra.
Tanta era su preocupacion, que se habia olvidado de Angela.
Su ambicion eclipsaba su amor. Sin embargo, muy grande era
el peligro, cuando ella, que tanto se acordaba siempre de sus
rivales, y que tanto se complacia en martirizar a Eduardo, no le
echaba en cara ironicamente, como de costumbre, la dramatica
escena de Angela. Margarita vivia en la tempestad por el ruido
de las grandes pasiones, por la adoracion de las gentes, por la
grandeza de su casa, por su poder, por todas esas cualidades
prestadas que eran el secreto maravilloso de su fortuna y de sus
placeres. Todo aquel dorado Castillo podia caer en una hora,
en un momento podia destruirse con un solo soplo.
Y para el ser que esta acostumbrado a respirar el aliento de
la tempestad ; para el que vive en medio de las encrespadas pa-
siones ; para el que no tiene mas luz que la luz que despiden
todos los sentimientos exaltados; para ese ser, ciertamente,
separarse de tal atmosfera, vivir, agitarse en otros horizontes
mas solitaries 6 mas tranquilos, equivale a la muerte. Esos
seres, que buscan el ruido, el estrepito, la tempestad, la lucha, y
quieren vivir siempre luchando y combatiendo, no tienen idea
alguna de la felicidad."
E. Castelar.
12 SPANISH-AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
SPANISH-AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
60. The Spanish-American countries are CUBA, PUERTO
Rico, GUAM, the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, Mexico, Central Amer-
ica, Venezuela, Argentina, and the Western Republics of South
America.
61. Spanish as spoken in Spanish- American countries differs
from pure Castilian in the following respects :
( C before e and i, and )
!.<„,... }> have the sound of s.
( Z in all cases 5
Constitucion, pronounced constitusion ; zozobra, pronounced
sosobra ; azucena, pronounced asusena.
2. D in the ending ado, is silent: hablado, pronounced
ablao.
NOTE: D in the ending ido should never be silent : comido, never pronounced comic.
3. // is like y in you : caballo, pronounced cabayo; millon,
pronounced miyon.
NOTE : In Spanish-American pronunciation we also find that
1. gu before a and o is pronounced like w : agua, pronounced awa; antiguo,
pronounced antiwo.
2. b before ue is silent : bueno, pronounced taeno.
3. In certain localities £ and b are interchangeable before ue: bueno = gueno.
4. es is generally used for ex when followed by a consonant not h : escelente
= excelente.
In Spanish-American spelling,
5. y is seldom used as a vowel : rei will usually be found instead of rey.
6. g is seldom used as a guttural ; jeneral will usually be found instead of gen-
eral.
62. In Spanish- America there is frequently confusion in the
use of the graphic accent ; hence care must be exercised, espe-
cially in the pronunciation of proper names of persons and
places. The following are examples of words that are rarely
found written with the graphic accent: Gomez, Garcia, Las
Guasimas, Guantanamo, Macias, Cardenas.
The foregoing Spanish- American pronunciation is also heard
throughout Southern Spain and even in Castile. In dignified
discourse, however, pure Castilian is used.
THE SPANISH VERB
CLASSIFICATION OF SPANISH VERBS
63. With respect to their form, Spanish verbs are divided
into regular, irregular, and defective verbs.
1. Regular verbs are those which follow the model verbs
throughout.
2. Irregular verbs are those which deviate more or less from
the model verbs.
3. Defective verbs are those which are lacking in some of the
persons or tenses.
64. With respect to their signification and use, Spanish
verbs are divided into :
1. Auxiliary verbs, which assist in the conjugation of other
verbs.
2. Active or transitive verbs, which take a direct object.
3. Neuter or intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct
object, the action being complete in itself.
4. Passive verbs, which are formed from active verbs by
making the direct object of the active verb the subject of the
passive verb.
5. Pronominal verbs, which have an objective pronoun that
represents the same person or thing as the subject of the
verb.
6. Impersonal verbs, which have neither subject nor object,
and usually refer to some phenomena of nature ; they are
conjugated only in the infinitive, present and past participles,
and in the third person singular of the other moods and
tenses.
13
14 THE CONJUGATIONS
The Three Conjugations
65. I. All Spanish verbs end in ar, er or ir, thus giving
rise to three large groups of verbs called conjugations.
Verbs ending in ar, as hablar, to speak, belong to the first
conjugation.
Verbs ending in cr, as comer, to eat, belong to the second
conjugation.
Verbs ending in ir, as vivir, to live, belong to the third con-
jugation.
2. The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its
moods, tenses, persons, and numbers.
3. In Spanish there are the same persons and numbers as in
English and in French.
66. In Spanish all verbs except defective verbs are conju-
gated in the following moods and tenses :
INFINITIVE MOOD
Present Infinitive. Past Participle.
Present Participle.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Tenses :
Present.
Imperfect.
Past Definite.
Future.
Conditional (consequent clause).
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Tenses :
Present.
Imperfect (first form).
. Imperfect (second form).
Future.
Conditional (antecedent or //clause).
IMPERATIVE MOOD
Present Tense.
INFINITIVE — INDICATIVE 15
This arrangement of moods and tenses has been adopted
as being the one best calculated to give the learner a proper
understanding of the uses of the moods and tenses of a Spanish
verb. It is not the arrangement that is given in all Spanish
grammars.
ON THE USE OF THE TENSES
67. The following remarks on the use of these moods and
tenses will be found of assistance. They should be carefully
read over in connection with the conjugations of Jiabcr and
the model verbs and the respective translations noted.
Infinitive Mood
68. i. The present infinitive corresponds to the French and
English infinitive.
2. The present participle corresponds to the French and Eng-
lish present participle.
3. The past participle corresponds to the French and Eng-
lish past participle, and is used to form the compound tenses.
Indicative Mood
69. i. The indicative mood corresponds to the French and
English indicative.
2. The present tense is used exactly like the present in French
and English, and translates the three forms, — the absolute, the
emphatic, and the progressive; e.g., 'I speak,' 'I do speak,' 'I
am speaking.'
3. The imperfect tense corresponds to the French imperfect,
and translates the progressive and the customary past; e.g., ' I
was speaking ' or ' I used to speak.'
4. The past definite corresponds to the French past definite
and like the latter is the favorite tense for historical narration.
5. The future and the conditional correspond to the French
future and conditional and to the English shall and should
respectively.
1 6 SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive Mood
70. i. The subjunctive mood in Spanish, just as in French,
expresses doubt, desire, necessity or emotion, and is used in a
clause dependent on a verb expressing one of these ideas. In
other words, the rules governing the subjunctive in Spanish are,
with one or two exceptions, practically the same as in French.
2. The arrangement of the tenses, side by side with those of
the indicative mood, followed in this verb book, is not at all ne-
cessary, and is done merely for convenience.
3. The present subjunctive in Spanish is used very nearly as
the present subjunctive in French is used ; that is, to express pres-
ent or future time with reference to a verb in the principal propo-
sition, in the present or future indicative or in the imperative.
4. The imperfect subjunctive, either form (preference being
given to the form in se), is used very nearly as the imperfect
subjunctive in French is used ; that is, to express present or
future time with reference to a verb in some past tense in the
principal proposition.
5. The fact that there are two forms in the imperfect subjunc-
tive need not be confusing, for we have in English the same two
forms. We may say in English, ' if I had ' or ' if I should have,'
which mean exactly the same thing and correspond precisely to
the forms in Spanish, si liubiese and si hnbiera.
6. The future subjunctive is a tense that does not occur in
French or English. We have, however, some equivalent to it
in English : we may say, ' if I go ' or ' if I shall go ' ; the former
being the more frequent and conversational, the latter the more
literary. So in Spanish, the future subjunctive is a literary tense
and is supplanted almost entirely by the present subjunctive at
the present day, except where necessary to expressly refer to
some future contingency, e.g., ' When he has finished, he will
write/ Cuando hubierc concluido escribira.
7. The conditional subjunctive is placed beside the conditional
indicative merely for the convenience of the student, and is
nothing more than the imperfect subjunctive, either form, used
in an z/"-clause (antecedent) ; the resulting proposition (conse-
IMPERATIVE I/
quent clause) requiring the conditional indicative. There is this
great difference between Spanish and French : if (except when
used with a present tense) requires the subjunctive in Spanish,
whereas in French it requires the indicative.
The Spanish usage is the same as in English: 'If I had (or
should have) gone, I should have seen,' si Jiubiese (or hubiera)
ido, habria visto.
Imperative Mood
71. i. The imperative mood is the mood of command ; and,
as a command can be given only to a person directly addressed,
the true imperative in Spanish exists only in the second person
singular and plural.
2. To take the place of the first and third persons singular
and plural, lacking in the imperative affirmative, the correspond-
ing persons and numbers of the present subjunctive are employed
optatively.
3. It is a noticeable peculiarity, however, that in the impera-
tive negative, the second persons singular and plural are also
taken from the present subjunctive ; so that in the imperative
negative all the verb forms are exactly the same as the verb
forms of the same persons and numbers of the present subjunc-
tive. On account of this confusing peculiarity, the imperative
affirmative and negative are given for all verbs.
4. The imperative mood is always in the present tense with
reference to any time, past, present or future ; e.g., ' I should
have said, speak!' 'I said to him, speak!' 'I say to him,
speak ! ' 'I shall say to him, speak ! ' 'I shall have said to
him, speak ! '
5. The verb habcr, being at present used only as an auxiliary
verb, has no imperative, although some old forms survive from
its former use as an active verb.
NOTE : See haber, impersonal, p. 99.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF VERBS
72. i. As already stated, the infinitive always ends in ar, er
or ir.
1 8 FORMATION OF THE VERB
2. The present participle of all verbs ends in ndo, corres-
ponding to the French ending ant and to the English ending
ing ; ando for verbs in ar, iendo for verbs in er and ir.
3. The past participle ends in do ; ado for verbs in ar, ido for
verbs in cr and ir.
Indicative Mood
73. i . Notice first the omission of all pronoun subjects, where-
in Spanish differs from French and English. The inflectional
endings indicate the person, number, tense and mood ; the pro-
noun subjects are therefore not used unless necessary for emphasis
or to avoid ambiguity occasioned by certain verb-forms being the
same for different persons or tenses. This dropping of pronoun
subjects may occur in English in certain cases; as, 'Hast heard
the news?' ' Wilt come to-morrow? ' etc. This, the great excep-
tion in English, is the rule in Spanish. In the conjugations of the
model verbs the pronoun subjects have been inserted to familiar-
ize the student with them and the corresponding verb forms.
74. i . Present Tense : The ending s is characteristic of the
second person singular of the present indicative, in fact of all
second persons singular except the imperative affirmative and
the past definite.
2. The ending mos is characteristic of the first person plural
in all moods and tenses, and corresponds to the ending ons in
French.
3. The ending is is characteristic of the second person plural
in all the moods and tenses except the imperative affirmative,
and corresponds to the ending cz in French.
4. The ending ;/ is characteristic of the third person plural in
all the moods and tenses and corresponds to the ending /// in
French.
75. Imperfect Tense: The ending fa is characteristic of the
imperfect indicative (except for verbs in ar, in which the end-
ing is aba} and of the conditional indicative, and corresponds to
the ending ais in the French imperfect and conditional.
76. Past Definite Tense : The endings tsfe, isteis, second per-
son singular and plural, are characteristic of verbs in er and ir ;
for verbs in ar, they become aste, asteis.
FORMATION OF THE VERB 1 9
77. Future Tense : This tense is formed by adding to the full
infinitive form the endings of the present indicative of liaber,
which makes the tense mean literally, ' I have to do/ so and so-
' I shall do it ' ; exactly as in the French future.
78. Conditional Tense : This tense is formed by adding the
endings of the imperfect indicative of habcr to the full indicative
form, which makes the tense literally mean, ' I had to do ' so and
so. 'I should do it' if something else happened, exactly as in
the French conditional.
Subjunctive Mood
79« I . Present Tense : The vowel a of the ending in the present
subjunctive is characteristic of all verbs in er and ir ; for verbs
in ar the characteristic vowel of the ending is e. This tense
can, in almost all Spanish verbs, be obtained by taking the first
person singular present indicative, and changing the ending o
to a or e.
Note again s, mos, is and ;/ as characteristic endings of the
respective persons and numbers, as explained under the indica-
tive mood.
2. All the remaining tenses of the subjunctive are formed in
every verb in Spanish without exception from the third person
plural of the past definite, by changing the ending ron into ra,
ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran, for the imperfect subjunctive, first form ;
se, ses, se, semos, sets, sen, for the imperfect subjunctive, second
form ; re, res, re, remos, reis, ren, for the future subjunctive.
Imperative Mood
80. i. The second person singular is always the same. as the
third person singular of the present indicative, except in eight
verbs : haber, poner, tener, valer, dccir, ir, vcnir, salir.
2. The second person plural is always obtained directly from
the infinitive by changing the final letter r into d.
3. The other persons, as before stated, are all present sub-
junctive, with subject placed after.
4. The pronoun subject, when expressed, always stands after
the verb.
2O CONJUGATION OF HABER
8l. CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB HABER = TO HAVE
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
haber, to have. habiendo, having. habido, had.
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Present
yo he I have (do have, yo haya that I have or may have
am having)
tii has thou hast tii hayas that thou have or mayst have
el ha he has el haya that he have or may have
V. ha your honor has V. haya that your honor have or may have
nosotros hemos we have nosotros hayamos that we have or may have
vosotros habeis ye have vosotros hayais that ye have or may have
ellos han they have ellos hayan that they have or may have
VV. han your honors have VV. hayan that your honors have or may have
Imperfect Imperfect (First Form)
yo habia I was having or used to yo hubiera that I should have or
have had
tii habias thou wast having or used tii hubieras that thou shouldst have
to have or hadst
el habia he was having or used to el hubiera that he should have or
have had
V. habia your honor was having V. hubiera that your honor should
or used to have have or had
nosotros habiamos we were having or used nosotros hubieramos that we should have or
to have had
vosotros habiais ye were having or used vosotros hubierais that ye should have or
to have had
ellos habian they were having or used ellos hubieran that they should have
to have or had
VV. habian your honors were having VV. hubieran that your honors should
or used to have have or had
Past Definite Imperfect (Second Form")
yo hube I had yo hubiese that I had or should
have
tu hubiste thou hadst tu hubieses that thou hadst or
shouldst have
61 hubo he had 61 hubiese that he had or should
have
V. hubo your honor had V. hubiese that your honor had or
should have
nosotros hubimos we had " nosotros hnbiesemos that we had or should
have
vosotros hubisteis ye had vosotros hubieseis that ye had or should
have
ellos hubieron they had ellos hubiesen that they had or should
have
VV. hubieron your honors had VV. hubiesen that your honors had
or should have
REGULAR VERBS
21
Future Future
yo habre
I shall have
yo hubiere
f I have or shall
have
tu habras
61 habra
V. habra
thou wilt have t3
eT
he will have
3
your honor will have „,-
tu hubieres 6
61 hubiere -g,
3
O
V. hubiere £
rt
thou have or shall
have
he have or shall
have
your honor have
or shall have
nosotros habremos we shall have
1
vosotros habreis ye will have 0-
-a
ellos habran they will have
0
^
nosotros hubieremos ~
"1
vosotros hubiereis c-
V
ellos hubieren ^
we have or shall
have
ye have or shall
have
they have^r shall
have
VV. habran
your honors will have "
VV. hubieren
your honors have
or shall have
Conditional
{Consequent) Conditional {Antecedent)
yo habria
I should have
yo hubiera or hu-
biese
I should have or
had
tu habrias
thou wouldst have
tu hubieras or
hubieses
thou shouldst have
or hadst
61 habria
he would have
el hubiera 0rhu-
biese
he should have or
had
V. habria your honor would
have
nosotros habriamos we should have
V. hubiera or hu-
biese .f
nosotros hubieramos or
hubiesemos
your honor should
have or had
we should have or
had
vosotros habriais
ye would have
vosotros hubierais or
hubieseis
ve should have or
had
ellos habrian
they would have
ellos hubieran or
hubiesen
they should have or
had
VV. habrian
your honors would
have
VV. hubieran or
hubiesen
your honors should
have or had
REGULAR VERBS
Terminations of the Three Conjugations
82. I. The verbs kablar, to speak, comer, to eat, vivir, to live,
have been selected as the model verbs of the respective conju-
gations.
2. By taking away the infinitive endings, ar, cr and ir, we get
the stem of the verb, habl-, com-, viv-.
3. The different moods, tenses, persons and numbers are
formed by adding certain inflectional endings, fixed for each
conjugation, to the stem of the verb ; except in the future and
the conditional indicative, where they are added directly to the
full infinitive itself.
22
REGULAR VERBS
4. These fixed inflectional endings for the three conjugations
are as follows :
Infinitive
Present Participle
Past Participle
Present Indicative
Imperfect Indicative
Past Definite
Indicative
Future Indicative
Conditional Indicative
Present Subjunctive
rst Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
-ar -er -ir
-ando -iendo -iendo
-ado -ido -ido
' -o
'-0
' -o
-as
-es
-es
-a
-e
-e
-amos
-emos
-imos
-ais
-eis
-is
-an ^ -en
^-en
f -aba
--ia
'-ia
-abas
-ias
-ias
-aba
-ia
-ia
-abamos
-iamos
-iamos
-abais
-iais
-iais
w -aban
-ian
^ -ian
'-e
C-i
f-i
-aste
-iste
-iste
-6
-i6
-i6
-amos
-imos
-imos
-asteis
-isteis
-isteis
^-aron
^-ieron ^ -ieron
'-e
' -e
r -£
-as
-as
-as
-a
-a
-a
-emos
-emos
-emos
-eis
-eis
-eis
-an ^ -an
^-an
'-ia
'-ia
f-ia
-ias
-ias
-ias
-ia
-ia
-ia
-iamos
-iamos
-iamos
-iais -iais
-iais
^-ian j^-ian
^-ian
-e
-a
'-a
-es
-as
-as
-e
-a
-a
-emos
-amos
-amos
-eis
-ais
-ais
^-en
k -an ^ -an
REGULAR VERBS
Imperfect Subjunctive
First Form
Imperfect Subjunctive
Second Form
Fttture Subjunctive
First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
-ar -er -ir
' -ara
' -iera
' -iera
-aras
-ieras
-ieras
-ara
-iera
-iera
-aramos
-i^ramos
-ieramos
-arais
-ierais
-ierais
-aran
-ieran
-ieran
' -ase
' -iese
f -iese
-ases
-ieses
-ieses
-ase
-iese
-iese
H
-asemos
-iesemos
-iesemos
-aseis
-ieseis
-ieseis
^ -asen
^ -iesen
_ -iesen
r-are
-iere
' -iere
-ares
-ieres-
-ieres
]
-are
-aremos
-iere
-ieremos
-iere
-ieremos
-areis -iereis
-iereis
. -aren 1 -ieren
i -ieren
Imperative Mood
-ad
-e
-ed
-e
-id
83. From the above it will be apparent:
1 . That the endings in the second and third conjugations differ
only in the first and second persons plural of the present indica-
tive, and in the second person plural of the imperative.
2. That in all the conjugations the inflectional endings of the
first and third persons singular are identical in the imperfect
and the conditional tenses of the indicative mood, and also in
all the tenses of the subjunctive ; hence when ambiguity arises
in these cases the pronoun subject, first or third person, must
be employed.
3. That in the first and third conjugations the form of the
verb in the first person plural of the present indicative and of
the past definite is the same. The context must determine the
tense intended.
4. In all other cases of like spelling the graphic accent deter-
mines the tense.
24 HABLAR
84. CONJUGATION OF THE MODEL VERB HABLAR
= TO SPEAK
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE: hablar, to speak. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: hablando, speaking.
PAST PARTICIPLE : hablado, spoken.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present
yo hablo I speak (do speak, am speaking)
tu hablas thou speakest
el habla he speaks
V. habla your honor speaks
nosotros hablamos we speak
vosotros hablais ye speak
elios hablan they speak
VV. hablan your honors speak
Imperfect
yo hablaba I was speaking "I
tu hablabas thou wast speaking I •*
e1! hablaba he was speaking | a
V. hablaba your honor was speaking
nosotros hablabamos we were speaking
vosotros hablabais ye were speaking
ellos hablaban they were speaking ^
VV. hablaban your honors were speaking
Past Definite
yo hable
I spoke
tu hablaste
thou did'st speak
e"l hablo
he spoke
V. hablo
your honor spoke
nosotros hablamos
we spoke
vosotros hablasteis
ye spoke
ellos hablaron
they spoke
VV. hablaron
your honors spoke
Future
jo hablare I shall speak
tu hablaras thou wilt speak
el hablara he will speak
V. hablara your honor will speak
nosotros hablaremos we shall speak
vosotros hablareis ye will speak
ellos hablaran they will .speak
VV. hablaran your honors will speak
HABLAR
Conditional ( Consequent)
yo hablaria
tu hablarias
r! hablaria
V. hablaria
nosotros hablariamos
vosotros hablariais
ellos hablarian
VV. hablarian
I should speak
thou wouldst speak
he would speak
your honor would speak
we should speak
ye would speak
they would speak
your honors would speak
yo hable
til hables
• hable
V. hable
nosotros hablemos
vosotros hableis
ellos hablen
VV. hablen
Present
that I speak
that thou speak
that he speak
that your honor speak
that we speak
that ye speak
that they speak
that your honors speak
I 5
> n.
Imperfect (First Forni)
yo hablara
tu hablaras
.'1 hablara
V. hablara
nosotros hahlaramos
vosotros hablarais
ellos hablaran
VV. hablaran
that I should speak
that thou shouldst speak
that he should speak
that your honor should speak
that we should speak
that ye should speak
that they should speak
that your honors should speak
Imperfect {Second Form}
yo hablase
tu hablases
el hablase
V. hablase
nosotros hablasemos
vosotros hablaseis
elios hablasen
VV. hablasen
that I spoke
that thou spoke
that he spoke
that your honor spoke
that we spoke
that ye spoke
that they spoke
that your honors spoke
Future
oT
' yo hablare
'I speak
c
-*-»
tu hablares £ ^
thou speak
gs
i\ hablare "^ v
he speak
E 1
V. hablare .^
your honor speak
0 3~
•o a-
nosotros hablaremos _g §
we speak
a §
vosotros hablareis £;§
ye speak
o a
ellos hablaren ^" n
they speak
•z
^ VV. hablaren
^your honors speak
HABLAR
Conditional (Antecedent)
yo hablara
or hablase
tu, hablaras
or hablases
i\ hablara
or hablase
V. hablara
or hablase
nosotros hablaramos
or hablasemos
vosotros hablarals
or hablaseis
ellos hablaran
or hablasen
1 VV. hablaran
or hablasen
I should speak
thou shouldst speak
he should speak
your honor should speak
we should speak
ye should speak
they should speak
I your honors should speak
IMPERATIVE MOOD
habla tii speak thou
hablad vosotros speak ye
hable yo let me speak
hable el let him speak
hable V. speak, your honor
hablemos nosotros let us speak
hablen ellos let them speak
hablen VV. speak, your honors
NOTE. — Having thus learned the conjugation of the model verb hablar, practice
in making use of the inflectional endings should at once be entered upon by
requiring the student to write out the complete conjugations of verbs selected from
the list given below. This prevents his merely memorizing hablar, and makes him
alert in using verbs that he has never seen written out.
Throughout the book, at the end of the numerous conjugations, will be found in
each practicable case a group of verbs that are to be conjugated in the same manner.
These groups should all be made use of as suggested for hablar.
Whenever verbs are written out, neither ditto marks (" ") nor horizontal bars
should be used to avoid the repetition of the stem of the verb, since the whole value
of the exercise consists in having the student constantly write out in full the
expression he will have to make use of in speaking or writing the language.
alabar, to praise,
casar, to marry.
convidar, to invite,
hallar, to find.
levantar, to raise,
matar, to kill.
mirar, to look.
Conjugate in the same manner:
montar, to mount.
ordenar, to order.
parar, to stop,
pasar, to pass,
pasear, to walk.
portar, to carry,
preguntar, to ask.
quemar, to burn.
robar, to rob.
saltar, to leap.
salvar, to save,
tomar, to take,
trabajar, to work.
tratar, to treat.
REMARK. — At West Point it is the practice to treat the verb separately from the
rest of the grammar and to give out lessons in it every day so as to cover the whole
subject twice in the course of three months. In a section of ten cadets, seven are
sent to the blackboard with grammar papers, while three recite on reading and
translation. These three cadets are then sent to the blackboard to write out a
complete verb in Spanish in the lesson of that day or the day before. Each cadet at
the board with a grammar paper is likewise required to write out in full one or two
tenses of the verb in the day's lesson. In all cases the cadets are required to read
off the verb, paying particular atten'ion to the pronunciation. As this process takes
place every day, the cadet quickly learns that the verb is a subject he never can
escape from, and he soon becomes expert in the most important part of the Spanish
language.
COMPOUND TENSES 27
THE COMPOUND TENSES
85. i. The compound tenses of all verbs in Spanish are
formed by means of the auxiliary verb haber.
2. By adding the past participle of a verb to any simple
tense of haber, we get the corresponding compound tense of
the verb.
3. The auxiliary should never, as a general rule, be separated
from the past participle by any other word.
4. The past participle of any verb conjugated with haber
never varies for gender or number; thus coinciding with Eng-
lish usage and being contrary to French usage.
5. A compound tense of the imperative, second person plural
is sometimes met with, though so rarely that we may consider
that mood as not having one.
6. The following are the compound tenses. Their use is
practically the same as in French. Their corresponding use in
English is apparent from the respective translations. In the
text they will be indicated simply as compound present indica-
tive, compound imperfect indicative, etc.
INFINITIVE MOOD
Compound Infinitive or Perfect Infinitive
Compound Present Participle or Perfect Participle
INDICATIVE MOOD
Tenses :
Compound Present . or Past Indefinite
Compound Imperfect or Pluperfect
Compound Past Definite or Past Anterior
Compound Future or Future Perfect
Compound Conditional or Conditional Past
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Compound Present or Past Indefinite
Compound Imperfect (first form) or Pluperfect (first form)
Compound Imperfect (second form) or Pluperfect (second form)
Compound Future or Future Perfect
Compound Conditional or Conditional Past
28
HABLAR
86. COMPOUND TENSES OF THE VERB HABLAR
= TO SPEAK
COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber hablado, to have spoken.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo hablado, having spoken.
yo he hablado
tii has hablado
. : ha hablado
V. ha hablado
nosotros nemos hablado
vosotros habeis hablado
ellos han hablado
VV. han hablado
INDICATIVE MOOD
Compound Present
I have spoken
thou hast spoken
he has spoken •
your honor has spoken
we have spoken
ye have spoken
they have spoken
your honors have spoken
Compound Imperfect
yo habia hablado
tu habias hablado
i\ habia hablado
V. habia hablado
nosotros habiamos hablado
vosotros habias hablado
ellos habian hablado
VV. habian hablado
I had spoken
thou hadst spoken
he had spoken
your honor had spoken
we had spoken
ye had spoken
they had spoken
your honors had spoken
yo hube hablado
tii hubiste hablado
•. . hubo hablado
V. hubo hablado
nosotros hubimos hablado
vosotros hubisteis hablado
ellos hubieron hablado
VV. hubieron hablado
Compound Past Definite (wheti)
I had spoken
thou hadst spoken
he had spoken
your honor had spoken
we had spoken
ye had spoken
they had spoken
your honors had spoken
Compound Future
yo habre hablado
tu habras hablado
el habra hablado
V. habra hablado
nosotros habrentos hablado
vosotros habreis hablado
ellos habran hablado
VV. habran hablado
I shall have spoken
thou wilt have spoken
he will have spoken
your honor will have spoken
we shall have spoken
ye will have spoken
they will have spoken
your honors will have spoken
Compound Conditional {Consequent)
yo
tii
el
V.
habria hablado
habrias hablado
habria hablado
habria hablado
nosotros habriamos hablado
vosotros habrias hablado
ellos habrian hablado
VV. habrian hablado
I should have spoken
thou wouldst have spoken
he would have spoken
your honor would have spoken
we should have spoken
ye would have spoken
they would have spoken
your honors would have spoken
HABLAR
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Compound Present
yo haya hablado
tu hayas hablado
el haya hablado
V. haya hablado
nosotros hayamos hablado
vosotros hayais hablado
ellos hayan hablado
VV. hayan hablado
that I have spoken
that thou have spoken
that he have spoken
that your honor have spoken
that we have spoken
that ye have spoken
that they have spoken
that your honors have spoken
Compound Imperfect {First form')
yo hubiera hablado
tu hubieras hablado
^1 hubiera hablado
V. hubiera hablado
nosotros hubieramos hablado
vosotn>s hubierais hablado
ellos hubieran hablado
VV. hubieran hablado
that I should have spoken
that thou shouldst have spoken
that he should have spoken
that your honor should have spoken
that we should have spoken
that ye should have spoken
that they should have spoken
that your honors should have spoken
Compound Imperfect {Second Fornt)
yo hubiese hablado
tii hubieses hablado
el hubiese hablado
V. hubiese hablado
nosotros hubiesemos hablado
vosotros hubieseis hablado
ellos hubiesen hablado
VV. hubiesen hablado
that I had spoken
that thou hadst spoken
that he had spoken
that your honor had spoken
that we had spoken
that ye had spoken
that they had spoken
that your honors had spoken
Compound Future
yo hubiere hablado
tii hubieres hablado
e1! hubiere hablado
V. hubiere hablado
nosotros hubieremos hablado
vosotros hubiereis hablado
ellos hubieren hablado
VV. hubieren hablado
*-3
-"rt
' I have spoken
thou have spoken
he have spoken
your honor have spoken
we have spoken
ye have spoken
they have spoken
. your honors have spoken
II
Compound Conditional {Antecedent)
yo
tu
hubiera
hubieras
or
or
hubiese
hubieses
£1 hubiera
V. hubiera
nosotros hubieramos
vosotros hubierais
or
or
or
or
hubiese
hubiese
hubiesemos
hubieseis
hablado
ellos
hubieran
or
hubiesen
. VV.
hubieran
or
hubiesen J
' I should have spoken
thou shouldst have spoken
he should have spoken
your honor should have spoken
we should have spoken
ye should have spoken
they should have spoken
^- your honors should have spoken
30 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
87. i. The Spanish verb is conjugated interrogatively in
the indicative mood only.
2. To conjugate the verb interrogatively the subject is placed
after the verb, and in compound tenses after the past participle.
An inverted question-mark stands at the beginning, a direct
question-mark at the end of the interrogation.
3. Sometimes in a declarative sentence the subject stands after
the verb ; but there are then no question-marks, and in conver-
sation the tone of voice indicates the kind of sentence.
4. In interrogative sentences it is customary to use the pro-
noun subjects, though they may be omitted ; when omitted, the
interrogation-mark is sufficient.
88. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB
HABLAR = TO SPEAK
SIMPLE TENSES
Indicative Mood
PRESENT
^hablo yo ? do I speak ? (am I speaking ?)
^hablas tu? dost thou speak?
^habla el? does he speak?
^hablaV. ? does your honor speak?
jihablamos nosotros? do we speak?
^hablais vosotros? do ye speak?
^hablan ellos? do they speak?
^hablanVV. ? do your honors speak?
IMPERFECT
^hablaba yo? was I speaking? or did I use to speak?
<; hablabas tu ? wast thou speaking ? or didst thou use to speak ?
^hablaba el? was he speaking? or did he use to speak?
^hablaba V. ? was your honor speaking ? or did he use to
speak ?
^hablabamos nosotros? were we speaking? or did we use to speak?
^hablabais vosotros? were ye speaking? or did ye use to speak?
^hablaban ellos ? were they speaking ? or did they use to speak ?
^ hablaban W. ? were your honors speaking ? or did your
honors use to speak ?
PAST DEFINITE
jjhabl^ yo ? did I speak ?
^hablaste tu ? didst thou speak ?
£hab!6 el? did he speak?
NEGATIVE CONJUGATION 31
V. ? did your honor speak?
jjhablamos nosotros did we speak?
^hablasteis vosotros did ye speak?
^hablaron ellos? did they speak?
^hablaron VV. ? did your honors speak?
FUTURE
,;hablar£ yo? shall I speak?
^hablaras tu? wilt thou speak?
^hablara el? will he speak?
^hablara V.? will your honor speak?
^hablaremos nosotros? shall we speak?
^hablareis vosotros? will ye speak?
^hablaran ellos? will they speak?
^hablaran VV. ? will your honors speak?
CONDITIONAL (CONSEQUENT)
^hablaria yo? should I speak?
^hablarias tu ? wouldst thon speak ?
^hablaria el ? would he speak ?
^hablaria V.? would your honor speak?
^hablariamos nosotros? should we speak?
^hablariais vosotros? would ye speak?
jjhablarian ellos? would they speak?
^hablarian VV. ? would your honors speak?
COMPOUND TENSES
COMP. PRES. ^he hablado yo ? etc. have I spoken ? etc.
COMP. IMP. ^habia hablado yo? etc. had I spoken? etc.
COMP. PAST DEF, ^hube hablado yo? etc. (when) had I spoken? etc.
COMP. FUT. ^habr^ hablado yo? etc. shall I have spoken? etc.
COMP. COND. ^habria hablado yo? etc. should I have spoken? etc.
THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION
89. i. The Spanish verb is conjugated negatively in all the
moods and tenses.
2. To conjugate the verb negatively, the adverb of negation,
no = not, is placed immediately before the verb in both simple
and compound tenses.
3. In the negative of the imperative, second persons singular
and plural, instead of prefixing no to the affirmative forms, the
no is prefixed to the second persons singular and plural of the
present subjunctive.
32
NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF HABLAR
jou XEUI .
•JOU 35fods JO
•Dja 'jjeads
jou pjnoqs J
•aja '
jou J]e
14
S
O Q.^ ^ O co
*>«*-|'8«a'*l
O D,ij O 10
C *•* CO o "^ C
^ -a
<
W
cu
C/3
W
S
~
Q
O
0.* C o C SJt! o
'%'%•% Mjl-gj
^gl«ijslg
g to o,-^ ° o -^ ft 2
S « "
oJ< i g c ix |
O
*g
~" _rj S. ?£ ^JS O
si J3 & 9 E fjB 9
r- tU O -^ CU r" O
rt « tu ^ ^ tu 7" "
o
H
1»"'S«-«-M»'L¥
11 H'S i"^ i"" ^*
PS^ t— 1 ^.^, >* X*- >»
« 3 ft u ft a. ~
H
3
a -g
•S -5 •£•£•5 •&•£•$
g £%£ JjUjjl
1 JJJJJJ JJ
N w J « o | v% o
n
S
« £
g
V
_8 " *"* ^ X- ^
II
H
" ^
^"
•^
3 5p£j?ij;
1
2
s
i— i
n
O 2
^ e
1 s
o
t/3
o
5 22222 '252
^ g) 5.- g B
Iv 9v££SS.9tB
1 f-sS!
M
tfl E .« E E
saaa-aaaa
^ aaaajjaa
aaaa-aaaa
.0.0,0.0.0.0.0.0
aaaaaaaa
JB £> £l £> £1 JG £> A
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
PQ
i
££££££££
££££££££
*£££*£**
----•=---=
04
"S
BBBBBBBB
BEEEEEEB
BBBEEBBB
w
e
CO 01
to to
£ £ "i
S O M
I/}
e
n — ~- • i- ~S o ^
o *— — • i* u o *^J
a
•s
>,"S:3> o o = ^
10 !/l ^ ^
s»>'-v»> g S = >
^ - ^ •*•' ? | = >
w
C/3
2
1
||"
0 O "
o o "
c >
0 O
c >
H
H
a
•Dja 'anbune 'SBJJ
i]
0
•taaiui 'oputna 'is
fi|
,J
c
O
0,
S
W
^»-
w
fti
o
U
,
t— 1
H
•3J3
>jrads oj
H
^
'Sui^Bads jou UIB
asn jou pip ^o
0
Pi
/~
~~*
•
H
to
i— >
55
to .5
0
i
Jl
rt -^
u n
ft <u
•i |
bfl a> fcO In
S.
s |
u
IT1
CO ft
S S* ^o Kf.S •*-•
MS "*
tJT "^
NEGATIVE
1
|
g
o
a
ICATIVE MOOD
Present
I do not speak
thou dost not speak
he does not speak
your honor does not
we do not speak
ye do not speak
they do not speak
your honors do not i
^1|i|is!
•_2 a-^ " S « ft "
,li!!ffl=
,<5 «^o°c2cgO
t-> c 3 c g !i £ S §
^O % ^— 4J *™ S«
£ n re 5. 3J
^gsSh^Sjpb
k? 5 2 tu o J* <u_e o
^H-T:j:>,#si.-5x
S ^ ^1
ftj< c-^j^ S
A-a-lslflS
•^3 £ o o.^ ft S "> ^
•j CXCco^^ui-^co
Jill§§l-sl
H CT3-O^=T3TJ'-3J3
^ .^ g=S 5^^ xh
{SJjliilt
•a 1^ 3!
s 11= is ^s
o." c.'5 « o." *
t»O«-'*JCO-g!D
tj *jC*j^-O^ru
k o"ooc^ = o
I^J^IJ
i^lsPS'Sl >^s
2ljtiiifl
.
js
Q
to
Q
•
O
S
o
« E.2 n e
» o'Scc
<B E.2 E E
555S8S2_2
** E to ® ®
^).(8.«-tS tu.tu-a-B
0
oaaaa^aaa
aaaa-aaaa
•a a-oo a a a a
aaaaaaaa
ZZ.c — — — ZZ
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaacg
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
H
ffJSfffJZJS
H
EBBBEBBE
BBBEEBBB
BBEEBEES
EBBBBBBB
^
0 0 w .
£ 2 10 .
£ £ •> •
2 2 to
E
x'S^J* 'o os'>
£,"3 *£ > o o s •*
£."3 -3 > o o s '>
^."S-Sf* -5 •g^>
2
0 0
0 0 *.
0 0 "^
0 o""'>
NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF HABLAR
33
•jou asjods
'
,M
1
^ i^ •«
^ T3
-
L
C
= i
aj O
E u g
JZ
U
s . s.
^
bo
c
'5
b . 3 •« •
^ u « c
V.
^
J
>
<«
A
S . t3 2
s^S 1
M
3 a.
|
_, u — 0 k. ^J
§=-i«: = 2
!i«
sli s
£H (A
^ *> <-.
« - ^ 0
„%•**•%•*%£
3- 52, %$ £-3
V 0 0.3 S-O.J o
%c " 3™ m °-a
"«-5i 03 c "
02 e >. c c*o 2
a
a
o
•o
3
Ja
Q
s^2g§^:^
| |j|-g || |
D^W-^UU
M >— 1 ^,1-1 >" >
^ «.Mo.Mrt.M«
ojj: rt B «X rt-C
X XI J3 J3
:hat I should
not spoken,
-So* .
Jof.SS
*J — U — «J
5 u"5 o 0
« a u B.
U U D - W
Hsls
0
all ill] 1
Sin O.CJ2 2"-15
0
•o
E
V
Q
O
^j u
«
«
i- x y, — +-
•1
s
•S I""5 3 ^"" u'S
01 2 v o £ uJs o
M *s .a £» P xts ^
3
09
E
" -a •«
o « *
"2 3 3
C8 55 35
•a
3
j:
J
S
O
c
H
b
!5 •= -
•B
o
- si S
^i»
y.
528
u
u "
1 .III
•V»
n
o
W
0
4> V
V
.22 -
S
« E.2SE
H]
Ck
2
>. 3 3
09 3 3
Z
3
!•§
0-5 ^2 S*
_^
x x 5s x x T a* x
*—"
&
j;
— *
** -s - .
.•c:
a^aaaaa'aa
U
CO
O O O
C
*•£
*• o u a °
"w
.e .c .0 .0 .c .c .c .0
H
BEE
C
B5
K ^ 2 ^« ."
«
a a a a oj MS a
(4
O 0 0
p
0
,^ « " _ B (•
H£ j; i- a i> a
C
* £>e
in *N
X >, ^
**
x
._ JS M 6 • >
oooooooo
0 O ^
^" s~*
.S 2 ^> u 2. t«
to
^2^2 H
o ^
-S e aaaa
(*
o .«
^ J4 J3 rt X j_
§1
« E.£EE g ~
« <u ^« cu ij M
ti! -a
<
33333333 ^. £
e.!To S " o o> M
N— ' ^
"^
33333333 - -~.
^-MtnO Cx] [zj
•^O^T^a-t-T o5 V
«
•d
*V4
33333333 _ -5 >,
aaaaaaas Q ^^
§g ag£a Z PH
" S E
•*-•
0
* fi V
££££££££ O -i —
S.S^ «^^ W .
W t-^ HH
^ U . "y.
oooooooo O u U
. .HoV w o
<=•= 2 3-S H 2k
J-|«- go
add
EEE
o o o
000
d
0
O
d
o
0
g, o'S-^ t ^
1 I-22o2
>,-Z *^ ^ O O £M J^ ^ v^**
Q , . •«-» O ^ 3
^ « •*•
il1" H **§
^"» ^ 1^ W "£J ^ O
•S u "
-5 gslss
V * ' OH
! a
= "-§
^ -2^"g ^"5
'w y
o O
• Jd S *^
'. C 3 ." — 3
1 «£
Eee u
-H u o ^ g^
_s
<U U U U «J « c'
. •" w ^ «
N
" AXi
3 ^ ^ ^C « L£ ^
C ^ +- [/: U
•V*
19 3
££
O O
333333 -g
O O O O O O
till-
M D.«^- o
I t
e e
c c B e c c >
+^ "X a
^ O H fc.
*. -^
rt
§ 'S'"' CT3
•^ s
8. S-
o
« C'P— "3
>T3 u a o
C E~ ;;
3 j"3 a.g
,0 go
•« - «
0
XJ= j ui in
c B " S 2
8 ? u ^1
infills
0
•o
0
jj U V U
illll
I'SS'ls "•g |
3
O
s
o - " O 0
l^5&
H h M W W
•^
->!
v
a
1
ja
u
W
>
H
jlllj
Swiff
1
Is*^1"*^^
a
<
* (j^-w-S
C
j:|j|^l&
•
E
'J
S
« a 3 a a
^§
g
•r. E.'icC
33333333
W
M
o o o o o
E B E E B
O O O O O
j§.
.^*
aaaaaaaa
H
I5.2.l|
•si
^ r^ ^ rs r\ o ^ r>
17
AJ
O *• *" O n
J^
333a33"3a
£-*
••-* 88 ?*-*_•
^
OOOOOOOO
ecBccect:
ta
g
|tl|l
*-" s S *-' J
«« > 3 S
E E E^ ^
o o
2k
d d d d d
C e e 3 a
a « u-o-o
>.~3 ~3 >' 'o 'o ^ ^
Jq
EEEEE
ui « "^ ^
O
o o o o o
a >
U
OOOOO
34
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
91. I. The Spanish verb is conjugated negatively-interrog-
atively in the indicative mood only.
2. This conjugation is a direct combination of the interroga-
tive and the negative conjugations. That is, the pronoun sub-
ject stands after the verb in both the simple and the compound
tenses ; the adverb no precedes the verb, and the inverted and
direct question-marks stand respectively at the beginning and
the end of the expression.
In other words, make the verb interrogative and then put no
before it.
92. NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE
VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK
SIMPLE TENSES
Indicative Mood
<; no hablo yo ?
«mo hablas tii?
,; no habla el ?
^ no habla V. ?
^no hablamos nosotros?
<: no hablais vosotros ?
,1110 hablan ellos?
<i no hablan VV. ?
<i no hablaba yo ?
I no hablabas tii ?
^no hablaba el?
I no hablaba V. ?
,mo hablabamos nosotros?
I no hablabais vosotros ?
,jno hablaban ellos?
I no hablaban VV. ?
PRESENT
do I not speak? (am I not speaking?)
dost thou not speak?
does he not speak?
does your honor not speak?
do we not speak?
do ye not speak?
do they not speak?
do your honors not speak?
IMPERFECT
was I not speaking ? or did I not use to
speak ?
wast thou not speaking? or didst thou
not use to speak?
was he not speaking? or did he not use
to speak?
was your honor not speaking? <?rdid your
honor not use to speak?
were we not speaking? or did we not use
to speak?
were ye not speaking? or did ye not use
to speak?
were they not speaking? or did they not
use to speak?
were your honors not speaking? or did
your honors not use to speak?
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 35
PAST DEFINITE
<ino hable* yo? did I not speak?
<ino hablaste tu? didst thou not speak?
<jno habl<5 e"l? did he not speak?
<ino habld V.? did your honor not speak?
<ino hablamos nosotros? did we not speak?
<jno hablasteis vosotros? did ye not speak?
£ no hablaron ellos ? did they not speak ?
<j no hablaron VV. ? did your honors not speak ?
FUTURE
^no hablare* yo? shall I not speak?
<i no hablaras tu ? wilt thou not speak ?
<;no hablara e"l? will he not speak?
£ no hablara V. ? will your honor not speak ?
,ino hablaremos nosotros? shall we not speak?
<j no hablare'is vosotros ? will ye not speak ?
<ino hablaran ellos? will they not speak?
^ no hablaran VV. ? will your honors not speak ?
CONDITIONAL (CONSEQUENT)
<ino hablaria yo? should I not speak?
<jno hablarias tu? wouldst thou not speak?
<ino hablaria £1? would he not speak?
^no hablaria V.? would your honor not speak?
,1 no hablariamos nosotros ? should we not speak ?
<ino hablariais vosotros? would ye not speak?
<; no hablarian ellos ? would they not speak ?
^no hablarian VV. ? would your honors not speak?
COMPOUND TENSES
COMP. PRES,, ,j no he hablado yo ? etc. have I not spoken ? etc.
COMP. IMP. <mo habia hablado yo? etc. had I not spoken? etc.
COMP. PAST DEF. ,: no hube hablado yo ? etc. (when) had I not spoken ?
etc.
GOMP. FUT. ,1 no habre" hablado yo ? etc. shall I not have spoken ?
etc.
COMP. COND. ,1 no habria hablado yo ? etc. should I not have spo-
ken? etc.
NOTE. — The remark in footnote on p. 26 applies here and in all succeeding verbs.
Occasionally the negative -interrogative conjugation should be required.
Conjugate in the negative-interrogative :
disputar, to dispute. manar, to handle. plantar, to plant,
habitar, to inhabit. mudar, to change. vigilar, to watch over,
librar, to free. perfumar, to perfume, votar, to vote.
COMER
is
«s S S
a
! . ,i J
3
1
O *J s u O rtj= o S
^ tl .5; .„ J= ^ *j u M <^ «J
- 3
|| tj |^ « j J | B Hi I j 1 S |B sj
B U
2 x
O V
r>
*£* rt"W--1*u^— -Vi^^t/i — 1*:/:^"* — ^ii^cS — ^rt>»2
- o - o =
"^
£ > "S «-|j 1,* &•£ 1..^ 2-1^ l,s >>•= ^ 5 «-l^ >,s x^ >.
S-J= - „ gj: 8
W
5 § | iiiiuii ^iiiiiiii 2, Jiiiiiii
v! « J u o *> u S o J5
S i-i •= J3 x S x- x H
o
i-i
II
s§^- " ^ s
^ * ^ &
H§ | i
"^? i J
't, 'DJ3 'q8noijj[E 3
'3I^Al 'U31JAV '}! y,
' _c
tt
~
J2 W ^ § ^ o
O BBC8EdS8cO*t5sBSB 4ji>4)$)4j^l>4>
•
o S
« E«ec I
0
o
EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE EEESEEEE
OOOOO9OO oooeooao oeeooeoo
ooooooee u
it \n tr. s. 'S. «
do *-
5
M fc2!«>:S2— ^ ^-S^^HsJ^ xS^^sfJ^
^,«9>i u> s
fTi
T* »'£w^ £^u^ £2w^
B B *C
J^
u a >• c >> c >
c > .2
^
-
v . 3
M -a
b] c
^
i/} ^
-U3IUI 'OpUBDO 'IS w
c
Z I
a S
' -13
2
o
H "
|
^
w a
§
i
W
0, Sj
I
&
H
M H
1
O
CH
I
£
S -JB3 oj pasn -«7
?
g
1
S ~^
r}
^ 7
.1
6
ti «
C
C U)
D
'- c ^
;~>
s 1
« S *
<^<
Is =«"ta0""S »>
y ^, »-
b
0 C ™" 3 " "S «•§.??!* B ^
« ^- s'""^
-O *> « o o "Swa o S 8 a § Jh - o o
•"°"oSMWO'5
U ~ ^-"* " **^'v*^t5w"ej **-- • «3 V B u ^
2s •* §s "S § c
<"O
E ., »«*~'SS*I1S««S<'*OS "^B^^y^"15^ '3uj::ouB-C
— s^— s^ s-^ S
o > ^5o"|u0«g ^^0uouuuoCi«°uouu!i5
_« -5 J „ § u 0_u § o.
M <1^M ^^" X^" 1
|M X2^
C "-1 • ^i
§w ||
Co s •----.
Z*-r CM • B V O O
* - f - - '• -•- - - — - ~ i- u
S "^ o 2 » u Su S§ ajasaescaesa a-e-o e » u u
B'X'S* • 8S 1*1
§ EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE
E!IEEEE| '1
82*. £ 8 «> . £ 8 a .
S2« .^1
88* op u!> c p""
^2:c>||=> S
COMER
37
. 0 ^ 0 0
1
f'l should eat
thou shouldst eat
he should eat
1 your honor should eat
| we should eat
ye should eat
they should eat
Lyour honors should eat J
;ndo comido, having eaten.
Q
O
o
hat I have or may have eaten, eti
hat I should have or had eaten, e
hat I had or should have eaten, c
hat I have or shall have eaten, t
hat I should have or had eaten, e
|
^
r
z
g §
V
Z
.E
S
w
s«'s«
%J
0
t_i r- rt J3
^
0 - . .«
Conditional (
£.- B E
NEGATIVE
eat thou not
s eat ye not
let me not eat
let him not ea
eat not, your
> let us not eat
let them not e
eat not, your
PARTICIPLE
SUBJUNCTI
aya comido, et
ubieracomido
lubiese comido
ubiere comido
ubiera or hub!
:omido, etc.
E'iEEEEEE
00900090
oooooooo
c
o
o M
h
jBs**a
o
•3 O
o— • v_o>
Z
O o O O O
tfl g .52 E E
"^
*^ </i
^ x ~s '"*'
W
22222222
u
>
c
tf)
^^~.
E £
BBS 8 §111
H
•<
Hi
o
co
u
Pi
PH
SSS8SSSS
S
te
«.2
OS -08
«Eee
C/2
2
O
13-
° ° <n
Z
tt.
EE
EEEESE
U
fe
u>^~- ' •"&
O .3 — • •" ~ 2. I>
<
o o
o o o o o o
H
g
<J O- O«w C
O O "
Q
22
o o o o e o
Q
£.
£^£fco
v i
o
B E
B E B B E E
z
S
d d d d d
._
O
D
O
E S S £ 8
W3
o
u
OOOOO
^
OOOOO
w
g
^
0
H
£ £
0
c
" H
*i^
a c
4-1
U u 4J
Ci3
^ — rt ^
S " V
PL,
3
S " 3 « " 3
>
*- cj rt w 2
S
•£ U
o S o § o
f.
. *J
6^ ^3-5 ^
O
1 4JT3 S U
« rt
*j -^ "^ *j -« ^
p
^ c -C > 2
o
<u re ^J=2
rf
u:
E
>-a u^. o
0
O
o
c- re j^ ,— ^3
„
3 o
o~K,;f j>>
u
Q
MI—cO-H-l-l
*T3
0
i u>
u
Ji
O
o
O J CJ H
"O ^
ed
0
o
a
S
. w ^J <u ^
Consequent
™ 0 „ £ §
•o
EE
0 0
EEE
« a cs ea cs ea
EEEEEE
o o o o o o
[NITIVE:
ICATIVE
o'e'e's E
fjljl
| 3 1*11 *|
^ _,
"'SflJO^^J^O
ti-
C
ifi^Aifi
H- » *£ pC >, ^- ^> -^ ^'
^
v A 3 eg ea
N»
IS
£££££
9
n
OOOOO
.5
o
» E * E E
Q
$
.2 -2 .2 .2 -2 .'2 .2 -2
z
^
|
O 1) 1» 1> "J U O 1*
S5EEEEEE
o
a.
" e>^1?
oooooooo
S
li g 18 3 O
O
A i_i JL, fa O
I&II1
O O 3 U J»
o.S.8
T3_; *1- S
S lili
'" X H c r- "-
%, v .5 .5 E a
g s c u-
o •"•a
38
VIVIR
IJ XBUI
\\ pjnoqs .
'3AIJ HE
« >
.5 ^3
•
T3 2
5
> ^ "O
.i
« a § u °
^
.— -"^ 1naJ>aJSt'J •— *"^
s
2
b u >2— i- — — T3 2 i- £ j>
O •S=3T3°2'O"3O ^-x "° ° "O ° > •-
.^
Q > o ^ > o ** ™ _c 30-^ ^^ ^ *^ ^ ^ u "^ ^* ^ w
•A
O •-§" 3~:S;r3r^'*o'"3"'"""5<3t2'-o::5 3'S;:-&'3 > C uC
* i— i « j: >, > >,•£ >, i— i "S j: x S S"-^ >> ^ i— i "S j: >, i >£ >* <u"->-G.>>;='c
a
J
ft.
^ "ij -5552523 ^_25555555 5^-c^^-S^-c-S ^ •sJ;uoS«'Jio
^^
U
r"1 «o ^ .^* ^* « i
i-3
H
G ^ [^ -3J3 'qSnoqiie
S
II
H
•f.
"^ *>\ 0"
±? » >» « «
S •&. 2« ^
^ g t1 » |.2ec •$, « E-2ec « E«BB
£
.11 » • .11 «• .11 s • II w •
02
P<
y
'>
B> C > C> B>
W
"^
•Dja '3nb.unB 'SBJJ
>
W
a
•3
a
-U9IUI 'OpUETlD 'IS
S
z
a
~
Q
H
-.
O
a
W
"
a,
^
r£i
s
•J
5
w
EH
fa
H
0
H
a
»3Aij oj pasn -«?
S
^^
H
o
O
C bJO
'> vo
i — >
si
^ 1 1 g -S
O
q
| » 9 ~S T3^~
u
•*.
O ^ ^ "M boi| "^I.Sjg ^ ^ - "2 .> u * g .> !2
42 «: c
E .£ s C .*> c ^ u h -a -a -es -a a -a -oa -«8
M ea 93 os x c c Btnuu i.ui.uuv.i.1.
VIVIR
39
•paAij M>
_ 0 U .O
\
I should live
thou shouldst live
he should live
your honor should live
we should live
ye should live
they should live
your honors should live
ndo vivido, having lived.
Q
O
; I have, or may have lived, eti
: I should have, or had lived, i
: I had, or should have lived, i
; I have, or shall have lived, et
I should have, or had lived, i
:ibir, to receive.
bir, to go up.
frir, to suffer, to endure.
ir, to unite.
.-
O
s
J= S J= J: J=
Saag
u x x 3
S
o
X £.- = C
8U U D D U ^ u
x x x x x x «•
e thou not
e ye not
me not live
him not live
e not, your honor
us not live
them not live
5 not, your honors
RTICIPLE: hal
UBJUNCTIVE
vivido, etc. 1
era vivido, etc. 1
ese vivido, etc. I
ere vivido. etc. 1
era or hubiese t
vido, etc.
D.
u •§ u
>>>>>>>>
oooooooo
en
o
x E.2 B c
22222222
> >
H "^
< 2
o _.£
a ii o
Z %
^||S
o<
H
»
U
t/3
C/2
>,!& 'Z,'Z'JE.>
til 3 3 3 3
s s
3 llf
2.rl^S.
±IoS5
Qi W3 *^ » .
>?>>>>>>
>
z
4*
O
*i
V
E o u-- >-
Ec5«S
£'Bq;>|||>:
g S3
cd««|CB
co
U
CO
O
£ E E 3 o
«
t~ £ 3 3
af e D •
«S u u u u
c >
<: > >
»»•>•>
2
z
.".".fe .
b
.- Q. C. d C.
,a
c/5
s oo
£ s c
e o o o o o
c e c e c c
H
H
o
a,
C.D.& C.CU
S E E E E
g
Eh
OOOOO
*i
h
Q
O
OOOOO
4!
rf
2
U
4) "C
Q
D
•5
'C °*
O
•S
PS
cu
t*
o^C •
S
2
O 0
S
_sf
•"^ B
-?§°
c c
o
W
O 4) O
u
•o
,s
.*j ^-2
« 3
->I1^1
5
<j
• " 'u S1 c
_4) g u E —
< £ >*
ll ^ J ^
u
u
*u .!£ U • **
w """
rt
u ii u_
"*5^S5
CL| a —
— ^is — .i —
O
•jj -"8
*^ -'~'i-2i
S s
2 M
«J ii— ""^
-"'sJs
»3 ^
° — > o-2 ^"
^
- u T3 " >
7J «"^ Q."-
** CO
^ tn --- ^
^
o"O"^ >_g
4J — x P c
O
§
T
a >i— iJ=-5
^fl u._.-
o
tfl
«^^ ^^"3
u >
O
5
>•« §15 o
> ^5
'O
S 2 "3
«2
Bee
a 3 a a a a
£
Q
O
. «
"5
V
.53 u 0
^
»^>,>
H
O
S
a""-J«
e ^ S
4) ^ -1
D. »j O
— — ~ OTJ I" 2 o
O . '^ ^.
•a iT3 c-r"O 3 s
(H
t.
2 =-3 o 3-3 oj
,_,
».— ^ •• >
•. g C ^
'z
2
H
O >*^^> —
3" • S! ° S>
6
•| 0 * 3*™ * 4?3
<
•2 *> **" ^
** '3 4J ^ «•
C
fa
O
> ^ „ %2
K-§ — — 3
>>-'
1-1 «J3 x£ >•>- X
^
Q
">*2^ i i
2 « 4J C y
•*»
MI
^
4) flS 3 CB «
a o J^, •
• ** £ u-§:
^
0
Q
£ £ £ ££
§
i/i £ •— c c
J7J
^*
"^"*— L* ** %i^
.•5:
.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 -2 .2 -2
D
2
^ •= 5 -3 'C
"?
*
— — •- •- — •- •- —
O
M •*. .tJ
* T3 '« d 3
.-._._. ;.!.'.'._
a
JJ C S 3 O
S 3 3 u J
01 01
o
Oi — OifcO
2 8 « .
aaaao.
£,"2 !« > 0 0 3 ^
ESES S
OOOOO
C >
OOOOO
ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES
ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES
95. Irregular verbs have been defined to be those which devi-
ate more or less from the model verbs ; hence any deviation
whatsoever in the form of a verb would make it come under this
head.
96. i . Outside of the Irregular verbs, it is a rule in Spanish
that the stem of the verb throughout maintains the sound of the
stem in the infinitive. Looking back, the student will see this
perfectly illustrated in the model verbs, where the stems of the
infinitives, habl-, com-, viv-, are constant, in spelling as well as
in sound.
2. But a great number of verbs in Spanish have certain con-
sonants before the endings ar, er or ir, that necessitate a change
of spelling to preserve the sound of the infinitive stem before cer-
tain other vowel endings ; and again, some verbs require a slight
change in spelling or accentuation to make them accord with the
laws of Spanish orthography : all such verbs are said to undergo
orthographic changes and are not considered irregular.
97. These orthographic changes are of regular application in
all verbs ending as indicated below, except in fourteen. Many
verbs ending in iar, uar, are not pronounced with the tonic
accent on the weak vowel in tenses indicated. For instance in
estudiar, the Spaniard says estudio, I study ; not estudio. This,
therefore, is not a mechanical rule as are the other thirteen.
98. The following is a tabulated list of the orthographic
changes, each of which will be found illustrated in full on the
page indicated :
Verbs ending in car change C into qu
when followed by e (Sacar, p. 42)
Verbs ending in gar add u after g when
followed by e (Pagar, p. 44)
Verbs ending in guar take a diaeresis !> viz. in
over the u (ii) when followed by e
(Averiguar, p. 46)
Verbs ending in zar change Z into C
when followed by e (Lanzar, p. 48)
Past Definite, i*t
pers. singular.
Pres. Subjunctive
throughout.
Imperat. derived
from Present
Subjunctive.
ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES
5. Verbs ending in cer preceded by a con-
sonant change C into z when followed
by o or a (Veneer, p. 50)
6. Verbs ending in cir preceded by a con-
sonant change c into z when followed
by o or a (Esparcir, p. 52)
7. Verbs ending in ger change g into j
when followed by o or a (Coger, p.
54)
8. Verbs ending in gir change g into j
when followed by o or a (Dirigir, p.
56)
9. One verb ending in quir changes qu
into c when followed by o or a
(Delinquir, p. 58)
10. Verbs ending in guir drop U when fol-
lowed by o or a (Distinguir, p. 60) j
1 1 . Verbs ending in llir drop i of termina-
tion when followed by 6 or e (Mullir,
p. 62)
12. Verbs ending in Sir drop i of termina-
tion when followed by 6 or e (Brunir,
p. 64)
REMARK : The verb Taner drops i of the
termination when followed by 6 or e
(Taner p. 66).
The verbs Henchir and Reenchir do not
uniformly drop i of termination before 6
or e.
13. Verbs ending in eer, uir, change the
i of the diphthongal endings ie and
id into y, since Spanish orthog-
raphy does not permit unaccented i
to stand between two vowels (Creer,
p. 68)
14. Verbs ending in iar, uar, require a ^
written accent over these weak !
vowels (i, u) whenever they receive ' vlz' in
the tonic accent (Continuar, p. 70)
Pres. Indicative,
ist pers. sing.
Pres. Subjunctive
throughout.
Imperat. derived
from Present
Subjunctive.
Pres. Participle.
Past Definite, 3d
pers. sing, and
plural.
Imperfect Subj.
(first form)
throughout.
Imperfect Subj.
(second form)
throughout.
Fut. Subjunctive
throughout.
Conditional Subj.
throughout.
Pres. Ind., ist,
2d, 3d sing.,
3d plural.
Pres. Subj., ist
2d, 3d sing.,
3d plural.
Impera. 2d pers.
sing, and forms
derived from
Pres. Subj., ex-
cept ist pers.
plural.
SACAR
•Dja
'jno a^Ej XEUI j.o
•jno 3jooj -«7
aj(E} pjnoqs jo
•Dia
')nO 35(EJ IJEqS UO
i
I =
OUT, REMOVE.
' PARTICIPLE: sacado, taken
BJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present
that I take out
that thou take out
that he take out
that your honor take out
that we take out
that ye take out
that they take out
that your honors take out
erfect (First Forni)
that I should take out
that thou should'st take out
that he should take out
that your honor should take
that we should take out
that ye should take out
that they should take out
that your honors should tak<
rfect (Second Form}
that I took out
that thou took out
that he took out
that your h onor took out
that we took out
that ye took out
that they took out
that your honors took out
Future
_v . ( I take out
IS " thou take out
£ " he take out
""M J y°ur honor take out
S - i we take out
•§J? | ye take out
~ they take out
^3" [ your honors take out
r1
p
*^
%i
W
co
CO
g 99
Is* *
n
£
**
e
» E.2
C C
gleg!!!!
^ to l*ce
vvuvuvvv
a a a
||0fl
S3 -58 O C8 8}
ra a a a a
• a a
asaaaaal
iff 2f ill
a a a
ea sa cd e8 sa
0
9
mm 9mm
a w
•«««««««
•*•««••*
to » to
X X X X 71
O
^
^
^ ^
^ ^
^ ^
^
bo
^
^
^
^
II
n
II
5
p^
w
*
T
<3
U
O
•a
•3ja 'snbuiiE 'SBJI
0
C/5
2
a
-uaiui
'OpUEHD 'IS
^3
U
CO
H
M
•
PQ
W
W
—
0.
^
W
S
u
55
H
W
^
ffi
ft.
•jno
H
g
a^Ej o\ pasn uo
O
co
's
0
u
^
_c
.
h
•Q
Z
5
3
O
a
| =
- ~
H
a
rt
e . *^
I §
(U
)9. CONJUGA
VE : sacar, to take ou
INDICATIVE MOO
Present
I take out (do take 01
thou takest out
he takes out
your honor takes oul
we take out
. ve take out
they take out
your honors take oul
Imperfect
I was taking out
thou wast taking oul
he was taking out
your honor was tak'n
we were taking out
ye were taking out
they were taking out
your honors were tal
Past Definite
I took out
thou didst take out
he took out
your honor took out
we took out
ye took out
they took out
your honors took ou
Future
I shall take out
thou wilt take out
he will take out
your honor will take
we shall take out
ye will take out
they will take out
your honors will tak
*^i
H
•
o
I
53
o
!« E.2 e c
OS M
u o « e B
•
E.2 BE
;, E.2
e e
.08,0^5,2,2.2.2
*- e -^ O O
*a> to B to L. u
•jj -a -a
5 u JJ'2 2
£
c a a a a-a
33
aaaa-aaaa
it a-o-o a a a a
a a a
a a a a a
2
to IB i) ai to to
s s
2SSSSSSS
a~a a a a a a a
totototoioioiow
a a a
a a a a a
43
t
d t
t
t
out
ld ta
ld take ou
houldst ta o
uld take o
onor should ta
ld take ou
d ta t
d
o
l
n
ul
l
ould tak
nors sh
o
h
s ««i
!T3
E.2 B e
!5S
oooooooo
« .2 B C
2222222
a td a a a a
1 "re
-2
( Consequent
>uld take out
wouldst take c
ould take out
honor would t
hould take out
ould take out
would take ou
honors would
•^
•s§s =
*
t
5T3
5
« 2 u o
"-••Sj: ><
*
>,
r- O
S >>
.§
c^
•fi
!M
0
S
i
•7)
c e
a a
a
'a
a o
'_
3383
a
a
S3
o
c
1
tJ
c
re
c
.2,
c
u
en
a.
V
iendo sacado, having taken out.
Q
O
o
I have, or may have taken out, etc.
I should have, or had taken out, etc.
I had, or should have taken out, etc.
I have, or shall have taken out, etc..
I should have, or had taken out, etc.
suplicar, to entreat.
tocar, to touch.
-1
3
3
g
jo
i
jSjSjSjSjS
'o °
Z°
^ c
||
not take ou
i not take 01
)t out, your
lot take oul
hi
5
ta
1°
o
_rt
"3
ICIPLE: !
UNCTIVE
aaa j
6 " " 1 <S
- o o 02 .
if, to sin.
r, to prick.
O B fl
i
S
bo
H
>— >
« w o y *
8 R
B
II
Hit
Z
|
C
c
1*
<
CH
n
D
t/3
2 a a eg ^ -
"S«2S^
8.2
B.B.
<
12
!3 • — .— .2i ._ 03
H
H
U
o.
fc
« 3 3 3 3
a
•
s:
EII
w
E'g'
H
»»
s
e
'c JS
w
OS
04
•f|
|
if
P
££
im
eg
a
T3 2
CO
Z
Q
a
'^^ .T3
5
5
O 3
O O
<
9
X
•7i in
o e
c e
o e o o
e e e e
0
0
c
« ^
1 '"(J
H
|3
0
o->
S g g s o
same
S3
|
11
Q
Z
S
O
aaaaa
ESSES
j|
ys
Q~
.2 re
D
0
o
ooooo
ooooo
•S
u tn
•2.2,
S
** ^
IX
«S
2
« u
S
I
*
h
O
E
o
S-, >
^3 QJ
O
^J
*
"«*.
u
C
a
o
3
u u
S1
s»
o
4*
c
•c~
o
"S o **
,s
IMPERATl1
ake (thou) out
ake (ye) out
et me take out
et him take out
ake out, your h
et us take out
et them take on
k
1,
"S
o
|
1 when followe
lese changes in
, to have taken
fill
u
o embark,
manufacture.
Win
0
'rtJiji— rt"^
~ 2
_ k
"2
** rt ••£ *o
u
So
u
to
1) 1> 4) U
c
V
?«en VV.
'c .
"* 01
o.S;
8,8
=1
21?
0 3
: haber saci
Q
O
O
s
w
>
>•«£•«§
^x^-S-S
embarca
fabricar,
a a
a x
tth
1
S
ng in cat
e present
NITIVE
DICATI
flirf
^^i^g
^"S^a
'•5-S
S6
•i O
b
g
•z
Ijifl
»J!^l£JJ
« a s a a
J
"H/g
IT
^i
S.
£
Z am s o
SSOttkl)
da add
ESSES
ooooo
OOLJOO
3l
_ -
Q.V
8^3
44 PA GAR
•D13
•DJ3
*X^d AtlU -«? 'ptBd ./<?
'Xed pjnoqs jo
•Dj3 'Xed [1Eqs so
X >•
G, o*
a
2 2
8
•a
Bi
>, jj1 O. 5 ^2
|
S &
c
1
§f
a
s- L J^lllllll
O p,>u3 ^^ax g s M oj: o o«.c
" £
7 l^i-o^li
x n1
S- S1
0 0
H
O ^J u § 1 ujK o l^^juouuj'o
^ &J u 0 « uj'o
I >,_§ >, x u
n3
^ -^ _ >> !> >%-ta> ^>
•^ *-• .C P^ >• P^*- .^
rt^3 Q.^" Pt ^ -^ '
C«
> s •£ •£ •£ ~5 ~5 ~5 •£ •£ *•- •£•£•£•£•£ •£ •£•£
s JJ JJJJ JJ
^ &^ u ° > v JZ °
>H
D
j-i J> C?
^ -•"•w--*'-*'
$ " *"•* X >>*' ^
^
^
h ^ 2.
^3
3 < Q
p ,
»:
2 ^ ^2
^
^ ^ '3ja ijSnoqjjB
o
PH
1— i
4
H
PQ • " 4L 8
s
o
II
W
PH
w g«B ^aSseallSs
^ M E.2 e e
« E.2ec
&&§l^li»^»S1§! bebtbtb«btb«btb(
liliflli
btbCbCbCbCbcbtbC
a a a a a a a a
<jj
c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. L c. c. i. c. c. c.
u&ua&aaa
cxuaauaaa
0
^ > > >
> ^'
> S
Ps
Ml
•9
"R
5
A
•Dja 'anbune 'SEJJ
w
w
W
•a
-U3UU 'OpUEHD 'IS
a
2
bt
w
S
a
ffi
H
U
J
(X
IPLE:
PH
S
O
O
55
£
55
OH
o
H
H
W
«^^
W
O
•-C
p
a,
•Xed oj pasn -<0
o
W M
u
•S Ml .S
« f S1
rt'
& >> p,
^ rt
6
o
t_l
A
Q 6 M °- Ml Ji
O « — & m M rt c & '5,-^ ^ m
x 1 1
Cu ^
I
3 b u
>>Q,>^ rt >s rv *•
bt
X»O" ° ° -S''^'MQ,C'C1'S''U§
I
8 -a |>g •§ 1
^5l=o^^||
(ii
H i£ Eo^aS'^S's ^.isil1!
C^'rtSatjfta^t;
8 % 1 "is ^ =
>•
"5 ^s I-H •£ x >. S s^S >< s « 5 J: 5. ? >>5 >>
"S >-!•££ >, 5 x^ >>
y, M •£ x >. ? x^ ><
H
CJ "^
5
id
"
O ®
en
o
^J
<Z n E •- C C
u c"3 c e
x E.2 e e
fa
ocaasw'aaa aaaa-asaa
M be M M M M b( bt bt bd be bd bt bt bt be
uuaaa&uu atxaaaaaa
-u-S Et!£2
K s-e-o ca a s a
V be S* be bt bt bt b«
«« a a a a a a
aaaaaaaa
COCBCOOSAdCQCO
bt be be bo be be be be
a a a a as a a
a a a c. D. c. c. c.
> £ > t
> S;
•pied
nj ^> a u i^1 cx'w u
-^ aaaa-aaaa
.2 be be be be be be be be
$ aaaaaaaa
oooooooo
ta
« 1.2 nc
aaaaaaaa
aaaa-aaaa
be be be be be be bt bo
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
PA GAR
1
c
1
|"
!
o,
u
ndo pagado, having paid.
that I have or may have paid, etc.
;hat 1 should have or had paid, etc.
;hat 1 had or should have paid, etc.
:hat I have or shall have paid, etc.
:hat I should have or had paid, etc.
i2
§ >J
throughout 1
V
1
£
J
Q
O
O
S
M
>
.'S SS g
0
S C. 3 It — 3
".j o c. o o
i
3
u
llStl J
HATIVE
3 S
O '-.
— 4>
II
3 3 >>« = >>
S;5 ^3-5 ^
3
U)
3
T PARTI
SUBJUN
* a « « a-o
au » u u a
x2222 2
5 3 3 3 3 a
H
n,
Z
•~v^«.
ft
**
^
E s
Q
>
,i:
U
IJ
Z
• a '>
^j .
V
*J
^
<0
> 2
co
3^
v~-si
H
§"§
s§ si $§
"i^
co
^
"^dti'S
AKKIKMAT
a' a5
aa
o o
e e
a° «f a1 a' a" a°
aaaaaa
o e e o e o
c c c c c e
l"i
Z
M
H
Q
Z
OMPOUN
£^lfcc3
aaaaa
EEEEE
o o o o o
OOOUCJ
«
.S u
D
U
H
^"rt
o
Q
• ,*
CU
O
S
u u
S
O
a
0 0
X1S
o
~
j*
C 3
O >* O
'3
0
H
>>~ It -T
"S 'w
*- u "u
*!
1-3-
S 0-3 a'^s
— Q o at o
1 «>
rt
"H'-tfif
04
^
CIS ^ 3-= ^
|J
2
«H S.'lf'
~.
II
J535 PX" I
1 "
0
'H -. r 5 > £3
^
"f JZ
c.a-'-=T3
fH
be
4) "^"^^^ 's
a
>
U .
a
« * .-jr.::
• ^*
u
"~" S
tESS
"'5
£
_
all
3 C
a
>^
• ii
be be
V ^ ?/• W ^f Vi
2 •"•
Q
•- u *i u
a' a' a' a' a' a'
'rt "^
^ "aj ^ •
aa
aaaaaa
. S
—
2
°' O • O«
« t:
^
y
4!^ ® ^ a
II
Z
>
H
<:
0'Sil.Sia
i-!-:
.s u
^U
u
cj a ^i *L 'C
"^ **J
Z
^£ J3 j"j j
Jj
3
z
o a s a a
>"S
D
u
i •-
O
Q .
i )-*
04
• . *, .-o
ei
^
w o« so +* C
" E a 3 °
z'3
°
ddd dd
!
EEEES
1
o o o o o
OOOCJO
jv
in
pegar, to chast
vagar, to wan
ive.
nav
O £
*1 a
u be
&2
i\
N g,
- ™
II
AVERIGUAR
•DJ3 'UlEJ
5
hH
i
W
>
s?
u
_
S33333;J3 '£088.883)09 88888838
_-_-_ „ - 33333333 33333333 33333333
f^ *? tn V: if.^f \c **t *v:^J be be be be be be be_bjt bebebebtbtbebebo bebebebtbtbtbtbl
i"' •= 'c'uZ'uii'u'C'C "c°u°n°u'c°u°n°c "C z °c *n -c 11 "c T z 'u z z r z 'c z
— — ^ 4J4)4)4)4)V4)V Q)4)4>4;4>U4>4) SJDOl>^CjOu 4>DUlii)l>l>d
>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
IT 88838888 83333333 33333333 80)8803888
<J w o
t> g 1
OfT fl ^
z —
EH*
HH H T
ro v
U '
> 3 •
<J (X
W M ^ .
-jaasE oj pasn ^o
•oja 'anbune 'SBJ;
-uaitu 'opuEiu 'is
(^
tq
w
T PARTICI
_g
M
H
W
2
M .S
c c
En
CO
M
a
£
.S 2
u 2 MS
-a "2
_e
O
CH
Q
Q
1
rt ^5
« w
1 i
r S
.E U M M.5 <"
S bC 0 = c C «
.f|| 3 HI g
_c
r
i 1
S S
= 2- c I
.sl.Es1.pl?
O
C
0
*§-S
= u = c'l £
iilullaB
11
*? « c^'P «
lil Esllc
H
'3
H
v» ^a u
1 1| || § ;
^J n«KcU«S5
a 2T3
"re C « *« u o
llslil
> -^- °^J^ 1
O
rt
>
S w «
i'hi i ES
^ « = 1 1 £ 1 >,t
Q 1*8
-S^='5^'^'Sx =
o
r-
V* rt ®
cj o ^ aj ** o
*N^_2iuoluuSo
^ rt o
^J ^ (U -. 1J Q
5t w'SftJO^vSio
3
<
cq ws
^ >, :£ >."5 ^
g M w >fl >> ^ >,•£ ><
t; i-i'S
JS >, > ^"^ >.
t*, 1-1 'S -S >* S >,« >,
'" i
fc.
U
>
.3
&
0
U
3
to
o
•£..
e
u
•-1
•
i~ic
«J««sjJJ
•
o v c e
E*1 O O
iCC
•u-a-a-s v:b-a-8
>.
8888-8888
88888388
!•!
•
3 3
AS6
333333
be be be be be be
33333333
be be be_be be bt bt be
is 3333333
_ v_be be be bt bt bt be
33333333
HMHMMMMM
u
"u*u
u *u T 'C T T
*c *c *u *n *c *c 'c *c
"C *tm
t« fc« 'u u *u 'L.
*c c 'n 'c *n *c *c *c
JJ
vvuvvuvu
ii >
4) « «> V V V
«UUD4J«UU
H
^^^rr^rr
88888888
88888888
88888888
88888888
S
hk
> >
>5»
^»
^r^y?/cd/^y?
1
'|M
j)
8
1
C I should ascertain 1
thou shouldst ascertain
he should ascertain
} your honor should ascertain
we should ascertain
ye should ascertain
they should ascertain
your honors should ascertain
1 i
O CO
, throughout the present subjund
» averiguado, having ascertai.
Q
O
O
have, or may have ascertained, e
should have, or had ascertained,
had, or should have ascertained,
have, or shall have ascertained, i
should have, or had ascertained,
R
^,
•5
.9'1'S - -"f
u
•o
^{
"1
S:
« E.SEB
•S >>
|ijf|j
M
.2
a
W
>
H
U
•£•= •Us
S
4)4>4>4)4)4>4>4>
*~s '
*j o ^ _,_, C £
5
%
u
-c:
1
Q
aa'aa-sdaa
33333333
M bt be be bt be bt_be
certain
certain
+4 +•• u -fcj .«-» tj
I
OH
O
*- >
C3
o
•a
a
3
5
ss
4> D w D aj en
— ^ >— i n .— r ^-i rt
E
1C
O
W
.£"
acaaaaaaa
!
u
H
" " S «J
&
> >
C tfi
<
ii - - - a
>
!
.0 >'
'O rt
p*
o"i "a "a «
oooooooo
s|
^ E e e
I's
Z
cQ bC be «^£
0
IB E._ e e
eg2222222
uojojacaoaa
a a
k l» 1. k H h
4) 4) 41 41 4) 4>
>>>>>>
a a a a a a
^ *-t
.^
SNSES
C/2
a
?
s 'E *n ^ ?
bfi 4) 4) 4J X*
"£ > > ^ ._
4> Qj 63 " O
> A 4» d» flj
CB L. « i- £
= be bet* be be be be
«<
O 0
e c
0 0 O 0 0 O
e e c e B e
u
4) S
>,>
— u
NH
H
Q
Z
S
o
u
03 3 3 3 3
£££££
a)4>4>4>4>4>4>4)
>>>>>>>>•
egaaaanaa
> >
Q
O
1r
3
O
0
O
^ .s
o
(X
+rj 6 l>
S
t-.
*£ wi
S
0
. i^t
•a
u
>
g g
c.§ -SJ
c -
u
s.
U • C 4> .5
t *t're.S 5
. <" r- « t
•H
•91
K
iS
|||I||
& 0)
s S
«Q
•g -- » fi 8
•s||i2
H
O,
B C
« rt S~ S £ •-
IOs|
c
S
||
||Ig|l
U <jj
> >
« I'-'jS-d
.5 'S
M
o-S
?-'= = '=
S B
11
55 155 B
• — c
7 —
<
Ull|
.S 8 %
(U 3
S^£p
Q
"~ S
</) C rt
rt 3
.
o
C^
c S.S~'i.SS2
•** tJrt' — i+-*rt u 3
>:
o
O
. . d 2
ft
*Sj5'^-3^j'i-^;^
. o »>•
rt S
a
*E
*- £ "S ^
v
i
oj-^os^wrt^
-"2
•*" E B B
^ i)
.£"
u
o 1 1 a °"
a a
re ^
|
^
•Sis gill §
33 :js :« :« :a :« :js
I V
V
~
c«a 3 =
^
OjO^gjCJg
a a
>>>>>>
a a a a a a
E u
a
1
<t
u
S
3 'u -j; '^ u
§
•
M-c
S y
a
g
t « a * *
_ t:
0
-a.&
63 «2 4> u C
1
il«jiill
J1*
W
t) a 3 a a
SfJSSJS
IE
1|
H
o
2
Q
.-.'.« .— .— — .— — .—
i!
E
. . ^ _-O
U4>4>4)4)4>V4)
aaaaaaaa
li
~
£«(£fc.O
> >
_e
s
EEEEE
'O
o
o o o o o
rt
u
ooooo
47
u ot
eg 3
3 b»
be eg
51
o 1
it
II
ll
II
4* O
M .
'lei
48
LANZAJt
"DJ3 '
•pauep M>
'uep pinou.8 .*> -Dia 'ja*p HElls •
1
t: fe
•3
i
^
- % 2
-g -a
s
1 1 JilSf«
1 1
HROW
LRTICIPLE: Ian
2 S2-S"-°-S-ae
8 8 -a 3-0 033^3 3 o
§ Jiliiil Tllllllll
i ^'iitiil-ijjiltil
"* w ~ X >. S S-.~ >, ^ w — js X S >/S >>
> 's •^•£~£££ — £ -^ ^^^-=^^£-£
G ^ ^
•0 £ T3 £
^ ^-wg-g-oig
'•'•ga! ssa ^ §
5 r^r- «fe^-
r« rt 3-S %•*•§ X-
<,-°2oo¥4)-o
^^ i— 1 73 j: >, > >,^ X
g
^
r
i <?
•S ^
o o
iJs-ii
sll-i-s-i'l
"^guogaj-o
**"Zjs >,f XT: x
H
^<,
P*
& <&• ^
2/ .
.s
•Djs 'qSnoqifE
H
^ ^-t \j
^
'3liu* 'uaq-tt 'rt
5
•<
ffl ^ *
V^ §
O
Q
» . I-BC ^ 22222'|22
vvvuv^Sv a a B a a a 3 a
•^ «, E.2 c c
^ i>yi)y^i>v*i)
^ aaaa-aaaa
4)4)«DO»'lJtlU
a a a as a a a
O
BBceeecB ========
Q8cSC80809cB 4089c3Cd3Q?3
cececcce
========
*H
M
> > . > >
> >
> >
|
N
•3
•DJS 'anbune 'SEJJ
-U9uu 'opuuro 'is
2
y*
C
;j
•j
N
"
2
C
«
a
H
W
W
H
»J
o,
£*
a.
u
s
w
^4
w
^
ffi
H
0,
•
0
w
55
^
•jjep oj pasn ^<7
O
—
, ^ ,
'So
c to
o
D
"5 M T3 UJU
X - .5 « M to.S o
•o "S
c r
r ^
1 1
O
u
(S
o
eg
u"
N
C3 •- h S M re c c 3 >
2 ^ ! S lilflPs
w •». ^r i - i "53 E«5 £"=-52 2
> s 3«»§--re5 ^c-S « " § £; « S 5
r1 Sj r-S-S?^- P«S«-«S>-
•T ? «3-S^~^xi: ^ g = S b S ^ x^
<I^S T3O 3uuS <"* *®«§f>S&
U ^ •• "5 ,c x i x^ >, J % — •=; ^ >, i xt; x
1 ! ^"5
1 -g.il till 1
Q) a =-o s^-c ^-^
t? — c "5 js x S >,~B x
Future
sliiii^i
T3 — "o 5 — -c=: =
Igl'i'Slx'i
«5^xSx6x
—
C
— ^t
W
•^
te E .2 B n
- , aaaaaaaa
n B«CC ££«^^£ — £
0)
« c"u e n
o
« E»CB
•u-a-a-a a-a-a-a
fj
oasaa-aaco aaaa-aaaa
.-j s s-s a a a a
33333333
S
======== ========
GBOSOSCBQMCSQ CBSIAeQCSCBQ1
========
aacsaaaaa
========
aaaas333
fc
*^. "^
^^
> >
LANZAR
49
-o T3
VI CA CA CA GA
_ .. ca-s ea s s
NNNNNNNN
EEEEEEEE
oooooooo
.
22BE E & 8 E
cacacaca-cacacaca
NNNNNNNN
EEBEEBEE
3T3||liJ
c -a
,, E.2EE
.2 2 -2 -2 .2 .2 .2 .2
cacaacacacacaca
NNNNNNNN
BEBEEEEB
he present subjunctive, and in thf
nd z before a, o, U, to give tht
ndo lanzado, having darted.
I have <?r may have darted, etc.
I should have or had darted, etc.
I had or should have darted, etc.
I have or shall have darted, etc.
I should have or had darted, etc.
rivalizar, to vie with.
utilizar, to utilize.
L.
0 o
hroughout t
re e and i, a
A
ea
J=
H
^P: MOOD
Hill
0 0 0
, V 0) "oj .i
u ... 35
§T
X
s.
0
fS ^ 3 ^" ^ 3
-2
p
^
0 O O O W
0
c -g
f 0 -^^ K *••
2 a *T o c -
c P o c g o
U
H
H
U
o ca c9 Q «.
•§ N N N 5
MgE E*0
e.
'Tj X
5 Tfi
(6
p
C p.
a
rtT
"•^ t! 3 " ti
<
«
a'ca'v'u g S
go
~
rt rt
^"•355-S
c —
t/i g
fx.
P
~ cu cu « eu a
9
B,"
CH
Z
w
a 3 s s s
"S N
Z
2^
w
w
&.U
Q
en ?
y="g
a
"a>o
?.
0) ^
r4
C £
W
<
CA.2
E E E
•5 ><
W »H
o o
s
M
VCU
CU CU V 4> V 1>
v="5.
w ~-
"tf ^
8
H
E E
ea ca
E E B E B B
M CB CB 0 M fl
•0 S
to
w r
2 5
S
X
e o
E E
o e o o o o
E E B E B B
ll
W 0
H g
sit^g
5
Z
•*~ —
•^ ^
^*
cu .
Q"
2 0
s u
O
EEEEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
5j
-^
1.°
0 *"
*1 o
C
> ^
a,
^
u
o
-XI
z
'E
« a
U L.
O O
C ^ C
^,"2
0
O _4
J 0
•1
_ N
E °
w
_,'!
Tj
SJ y 4j
^
CU wC
"? a-
H
3
O ' — *
_«•§ 3 S"° 3
4) -j
c
H
•a
FC" ,^3*
•s >.
o
ii
-2 8)
>
S
s
tt"
^^
iillil
rt
o
•aVal >
11-11
•O •
ll
NH
^ X 0
O
y ',.--
•o
CU ^"^^ *3
"^ P
oP.S
S
>** §"« o
o 5
• * >
.S "S
N
E
Q
J^-f -5-S
*1 0
u *•
^
> 2
N >_g
—
Q
Ss
ea ca
N N
E B
E E E B E E
s'l'g
u
1
O
s
ii o 2 u
*s
S'u
ca ea
ea ca M a ea a
-=^ r5
JBJ
,,
0 " " " (3
a«
U » t
>
•5 o 0- ,0 -o
V CU
•OT3
NJ>
N)
>
H
•<
y
ill
& <u'~
*2 .-- w
g
S
as™""-2
§
111
Z
-
« a s a a
. j:
•£•£•9
oj O
Q
•
>- w
. Sp
H T3~
Z
P
O
0,
V
Q
c g • s o
s§,
cs
si-
O > ^
Z '-3 c
s
E a
S—
8 1
o
u
d d d d d
EEEES
II
OOOOO
OOOOO
VENCER
-J3AO XEUJ -«J
•3UIE3J3AO ^<J
•3J3 '3UIOD -3IUO3
-J3AO pjnoqs jo -JSAO JJEIJS ^?
iRCOME
ARTICIPLE: vencido, overcome.
fCTIVE MOOD
' resent
that I overcome "|
that thou overcome
that he overcome
that your honor overcome
that we overcome
that ye overcome
that they overcome
that your honors overcome t
^ (First Form)
that I should overcome
that thou shouldst overcome
that he should overcome
that your honor should overcome
that we should overcome
that ye should overcome
that they should overcome
that your honors should overcome ^
O (U
S
•
i g 1
/-x 1 U S°
~feS=U-M °
5 IN §lgs «, s 0|
tss>- liii Isor.y
£fiHl|! iiiiiiil
i-°i^^^l ss^ll^-!
^^•^ij^ij^^.^ s >3oi:co><t;
r^aaaaaama •So*., 3 u "S
°^j=j=j=j=j:j:j=j: » — S2* Si— 2,
v^^ — — *-^_- — — — - ** ^^*^« >>> >><-• >>
S V J
0
e*
,<s
ffl
I
^ -313 'qSnomjE
s «
o
&
01
in
^ g.
» E •- c c
J i o „
^ « E*nc « E-p = c
II
O
in E~ c c
--------
N)4>4>4>4>4>4)4> O999999C
gjiAWmmtfiintn !•£&••£••&•
II
tt
i
cececccB
cEceccec
eceeeccc cececccc
w
I
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> >•>>•>•>>•>•>
o
s
O
g
i
> ^
> ^
> ^' > ^'
M
o
» y '
>
W
e
•oj3 'anbrnre 'SEJ}
w
73
-U3IUI 'OpUBUD 'IS
«
t/3
2
C
J»
^
H
'«
w
H
V
>
M
>
J
W
w
&,
_}
ffi
2
-
H
00
U
H
•3UIO3
fe
06
<
-J3AO O} pssn ^o
£
04
H
fc
to
_c
o
H
B
o
HH
Cfl
u
H
H
;/
>
<
ft.
o
O
£
M
P
Q
ed
aT
M .5
0 |
»— >
O
'E S
1 i
^
(5
o
g 0
W) bofe
-Si « 8 s
O
CJ
0
M
cer, to overcon
3ICATIVE M
PI i
S o S "
•s .5 M M-S >
^ C be s C C -
<^; M~ c =-5. 5 u
\\\\ l!f^
^ ill iisi
ol|_gs|j
•~ S E H S
i I 5 ^|JlJi
^SS-i-ofe""0 _/s— °-?_ "°
C 0 «.C ^ U o-C S ^S— 5= # —
c
^
S 3 n u O ^ ^"^
rt s ii ^ fe >, >-
S3o^^o>,u Ss^^-c/l'fe^1-
*
«
° I « = " «£ 0
il|g,|g,l|
0 2 U 0 g 0.2 0 "« J U 0 « 4)^ 0
wsj; >, s ><~ >< n-t;^: >.# >.*i >%
>
•
o
H
S
0
« E ~ e e
.2 " .2 2 2 -2 .2 M
«i.*ee .» B"e»>
s 1^22 tittbil
_ . £ . 2 . 2 . - . '£ . i . i u4>4)i*4j4ii)i)
^*
^OOOOOOO
"5 'o'o 'o'o o o'o
OOOOOOOO OOOOoOOO
w
4)UK4J4»Ui)l)
cceccccc
cceceeec ceeccece
VEKCER
0
4!
E
• " £ ~ "
«3 . -4) ,
_ aj aj - AI
ould overcome "1
shouldst overcome
liould overcome
• honor should overcome
hould overcome
Siould overcome
should overcome
• honors should overcome _,
•
a
1
t
I
H
4>
ndo vencido, having overco
MOOD
! have ^r may have overcome,
should have cr had overcom
'. had <>r should have overcom
have or shall have overcome
should have or had overcomi
(^N
•S_0 £ g 4) £ U §
.2
W
rt B re re «
H
I— ~-G >>£ ^>*- >>
b
o
u y
a
>
-•5-5'S'S
|
JH
8
* E--£e
0
c o
9 c
O--N
ercome
vercome
, your hone
:rcome
overcome
:, your hon<
present in<
irinted in it;
—
H
J
CH
O
BJUNCT:
. «; 4j u u
O - .- - r/3
•£ o o e S
-3222
o 'u 'o 'y 3
g
~
SS
P
>
c
^ 0
0 C
c u
•£ «
H
rt
p
en
!>*>ol
6
BBBBEEEE
H
>
11
§cc
*5
E S
"1-°
JJ a a) j) a g
'•£;
4)V4)&>4>&>4>4>
h
0 8
4> E o
"
3 o
r- U
CM
4) 4) 1> 4> **
^5
s
e
> ^
•<
U
H
£
II
O 0
£ — ^
t3«>
— 1— N O
3
•£ "
*J >
— o
^!
i- -
H
w
>>2222 '
a s 3 3 3
£££££
oooooooo
IB
a
.
«
0
o . ~
ea
W
£E
8
* E.2EE
22222222
H
>
F
E E
4) U
EBB
'encarr
B B
" *
B B
4> Q>
x|)
~ S
S «
u
co
Z
CH
fil
M Cl
._ ,M .— .— .— .H ._, .—
4
^ ^
^ ^ >
^
^ ^
O w
S
* ~~* *o
EEBSEEBE
|
o e
E E
0 O 0
BEE
9
C
0 0
E B
s si
H
£3
C
g do-*: c
E g £ 3 0
>>>>>>>>
E
c'
Q
CM
HiMMmU
^
*a^
X 4J
2
S
aaaao.
£* >
_
~f >
D
O
EEEEE
v ,
Q
N o
o
CJ
O O 0 O O
.X
O
O C
Hi
OOOOCJ
O
s
0
£
o
If
s
0
. _ 0
a
c
0
c
MC
o
I
" ¥ °1
^
4) «
E J-
C 4»
0
4J~ - 22
H
'3'
E 0 3
4)
£
0 V.
J: 2
4)
" j E B §
o S o
>
£ >*
O k. >i
O
Bi
U
CM
S
rcome
rcome
Pt
4,_E 0
Ex C
Z
0 jj-
11
*£ ^*
§1
il
O
|||p
4J 4)
^ ^ «
z
"flj >
'O
-
C > — ^T3
O O
4) 4J (-,
'•>
— O
rt u
,**
4) '* ~~ "3
>-c c— g
^
1 E
o 8
v>
o
^
^1
E
4)
« 5 S Jx
8
U 1-
•a
r^
E
B B
_2i cj
^ c
•il ( i 'onsequt
Illlllll
Si *w O te ,^ QT3 a
•a'§S C-TT33 C
vence
vence
venza
venza
yen a
a
C
venza
venza
g iii cer prece
n the imperath
1
03
JS
u
>
Q
o
C
S
W
>
H
icido, etc.
k encido, etc.
•encido, etc.
vencido, etc.
vencido, etc.
^
«— • ? 3 O Q "^ O O
c "
H
<
c - *• -
.2
0 3 I^-S | ^
1 §
S
U
5;.2_jj'£'c
^.
t/JJsaj°>'uJ::O
^ ^
S
v eg 3 03 n
S
~rn.fi>-, !»« >,
II
Z
y.
£££££
C)
0
>§
1—1
•J
W E <n B E
Q
Q
a eg eg eg eg_s.«.s
' ^
^
'u 'C 'C 'C 'u 'C T "u
K S
^
S d.M^"c
uuuuuuuu
BEECEEEE
||
O
PH
£ g a 3 a
a, .5 a, to
4)4)&)a)4)4>4>4>
V
S
aaaaa
.
a
O
EEEEE
> >
1
u
o o o o o
OCJOOO
ESPARCIR
P4
a
TICIPLE: esparcido, scatlered
Q
O
c
& ~
S S
rj/ Forni)
thai I should scatter *]
that thou shouldst scatter
that he should scatter
that your honor should scatter
that we should scatter
that ye should scatter
thai they should scatter
that your honors should scatter J
imi Form)
that I scattered "]
that thou scatlered
that he scattered
that your honor scattered
that we scatlered
that ye scatlered
that they scattered
thai your honors scattered J
cj?wbw'tn>\i!3
v-Jjlsdfi
•—i
^
—
'O
rg
Vj
W
f—
Hi
H
O
3
S-J-
$
"§ -oja 'qSnoqjie
*^
X
c
•s
k, 'a|H(Ai 'uaqAv 'ji
00
H
•f.
D
•-»
^.
>% Ml
"^
*^3
n
ti °
Vs* O
o
p
CM
D
CO
0
<, Sa |"5 a a
x.sSosMs8
r~"
» E.-sc
a a a a a-a a a
S «^±^:2i^ « «
^ Jjjllll"
.2^.2.I±.2.S«
II
1
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaa.aaa
aaaaaaaa
O
1
> >
> ^
> >
> ^
72
S
v ,
Ok
W
s
•313 'anbunE <siuj
CO
W
.H
-Ham! 'optrenD 'is
W
2
g
W
a
PQ
H
a
W
N)
W
^^
a,
S
~
a
GO
y
ffi
H
H
2
•J3J
Oi
-JESS 01 pssn ^<7
O
H
2
"Sb
W
.£
^
</}
5
o
t
rt
to
—
a.
a
Ml .E
•S 5
F™'
£
*j
<- U
.. CONJUGA
arcir, to scatter.
DICATIVK MOOD
Present
I scatter (do scatter, ;
thou scatterest
he scatters
your honor scatters
we scalier
ye scalier
ihey scatter
your honors scatter
Imperfect
I was scattering
thou wast scattering
he was scattering
your honor was seattc
we were scattering
ye were scattering
they were scattering
your honors were seal
Past Definite
I scattered
thou didst scatter
lie scattered
your honor scattered
we scattered
ye scattered
they scattered
your honors scattered
Future
I shall scatter
Ihou will scatter
he will scatter
your honor will scatte
we shall scatter
ye will scatter
they will scatter
your honors will scalt
•^-
a
O
S
H
to
W
O
ouuuE-2S§
ta
o
» E.2ee
.2.2.2-2.2.2.2.2
•Jffl
v o a o o
•t. 1.2 s n
-j> -a -a -a j> •« -a -a
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
UbkUUUkU
aaaaaaaa
UUUU1.1.UU
aasaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
b
y -J y "J u u u i)
0S8S5522
2222S22S
<S<L><SvV<U4><L>
Z
;>• ,•
*^
> 5;
>.
> >
> :?
ESPARCIR
53
•paiauex *>
1
•o
41
. u u jo
" 41 4( •• 41
v £
& % ^
S ,2 i. . «-g
uuSgSS^o
Ss^l B« "^
S-c « ,_ M M-O 12
• p«a S'^Tj'a 2
llflllll
Inritll
or
ors
first person singular, throughout
:ndo esparcido, having scatte
o
I have or may have scattered, e
I should have or had scattered,
I had or should have scattered,
I have or shall have scattered, i
I should have or had scattered,
C
"-•= ^^ ^-^
J sl .>
'£
CS
o
0
« « « ««
^
o
SS^S^s SM
s
r i U U
1
»
^
•^s
~^
«
»
•S
^
54
^^ o
§ II
to E.2en £,>,
D D "J 1) --1 -J D il
wcncncAcAtncncn
DDDD-UDDU -2-tij
°o 'o 'u 'u 'u 'o 'o 'u << <<
bbUI_L.bUb • ^ "
•••••••I H
aaaaaaau
ainKimOtninn
4)4)4)1)1)4)414)
« S o ^ M o '•3 •«
«:^^o^: .ss
S2o- = o ^'e
g = = 0ec S-9
« £ S M S V S"0
£:zS2'S« ^c
gg
•-• «
> J-^
T PARTICIPLE;
SUBJUNCTIVE
a esparcido, etc.
iera esparcido, eti
iese esparcido, et
iere esparcido, et
iera or hubiese
isparcido, etc.
a
s^ ^
* «a
>lcc -^
a
w
en
w
eg 3 3 3 3
§ as
« E.i e c » »
22222222 "*
4)4)4)1).U4)4)4) OO
'o °u 'o 'u 'u "o 'o '3
egegego3ego3 ..£
aaaaaa ° .,
4)4)4)4)4)4) _£' ii-.
OOOOOO -r -^
BCCCSE «^
TENSES
M
PH
Q
2
|3
O
IT
£dd^1
egegegtgegoejMei .
aaaaaaaa ;•
— M
11
Q
OH
S
£ — (So
8
D
o
u
O.O. O.O.O.
EEEEE
> > §
1«
O
ft.
OOOOO
OOOOO
,
= 1
S
« c.2.
0
o J •£
W
1 i «•§
0
V
, ^ o 4) ^
a
!s t\ s- S S
^J O
^i *^ — ^ r; ^ ^ T'
tn
4) Z £ 4; 3S
a! ^'S;
|3 3 O S in O "~4)
4)
~r , rt ^ S
% ss
S s s
V 8 C" U h g 4)
0
filef
M S3
'S'So'S'Su "c
§5«2-
flj ^ SO
-- "-" w o^
O
ty ^ ' — - — • "3
2
^ W
• xl
b
Q
O
JJ-l-i-l
& -rt '-S
. * > "Q'i-
a
O
•
fc* V u^ £ w 5 O —
E c c T3
t>
*- O ** 4J
^
|«f 1 8f I? u'o
* * N » * * U.>
h
a
w
S o e* o 4
a
^"3^3 c-g2"^ c &O-
aaaaaa ~t
£>
a
H
i
cncntAcn<n(A _ —
£
*§ b 2 i> I
I
2ljg.sg.ll
w5
.5 c
ITIVE:
INDIC
es S » w "
2-2 « 2'c
"3
o
C-c
£5
4> o) 3 eg eg
g
r, E^ec
S
•— '
•S
OJSSJOJBJOSMOS
"£ 41*
S
Hi
>-s
«
V
Q
8
aaaaaaaa
wint/)«ntntnin
if
Q
fc
S3
sg-^^1
u g fl 3 o
!z m
C
*^
1> ^
H
OH
ddddd
t>
S
EEEEE
4)
O
OOOOO
o.
0
OOOOO
54
COGER
w
ffi
o
0
«
w
o
o
o
ca
W
w
H
S D
„ ~
E.2
« E.2ee ^ «
22222222 ^ S8S
..
000000
•3j3 'snbune '
-U3iui 'opuisn;
<
U
o; pssn
O
u
in
o
« Q
o 8
u S
be H
S >
g>8>
> y
a j
a • **
« Si
£ ?, u
r^ g §
S •£
•5 n
P «•£.
iflil^lillflii
? 5! b^
a ^ *5 bo"
Q -y rt *j
tt .'S fajTr— I
* ^ = 5:
•5,bebebeb»bebebe
§^2 e e
« 2 P
•fr* »- -M t- u
W *O *O B tn V 4>
be be'be'5 be be be be '5'be be'be'be'be be'be
.2 ce
iJSli
COGER
55
llllllll
^ sJigrOi
^ =>~ OJ= g O-^JS
§ 2 3-5 ^"M-£ >,>-
S „ B <a - -
£, M C — C C
- ^~ CJUU1*'*J*I1JU
S "bYbVbVbYsi'bi'bt'M
-_ oooooooo
G uuuuuuuu
oooooooo
!22
C 3 T3
~^ j;g^ MS><^
5 w5iS S.i ^•s >.
g aaaaa'aaa
^2 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C
&SWMMMMM
oooooooo
1
! O
p 1
Illll
u
1
: 1
i
1 Illll
o
o
1
! £
U U U a*
0
CO *~
£? tj tj "S «
o o i
c c c
O U o •"
r s
••§ a * - -5
^ ^j O O O ^
I.
1-1 -C U r5 U
1 0,
^ *.— .— .— 3
g£
'o
^0
! S
^> S o o o x.
s ^3o ^ u ^ ^
SJ
«13
M
>
9- =
2^?
~ >.
• §
<
Co O cB 4) 1) C8 O
J u £ t« u u-a
««.2i.2;«'&
g
rt
P
4
a
V 1>
-5-5
o g i. ^ S t. «
SIS " =•£ 2 3
• a.
X— ^ £> £* o
a 3 3 3 3 U
%
U 0
c *•
H
fc
&>&
— i «— < bC—1 »— bO :
1
^.^
a t"
RMATIVK AND
sl
u u
0 O
c c
>l > 1
^ E n c ?
a a a a a a -
>'o>o>o-o-'$> S
U U U U U U ]
o o o o o o
BCC ene J
! H tf>
J co S
i-s S *
!"S 2 a
^n W Z
!'§. H S
It
ame manner :
', to bring befo
teg
C
' r4 Q ?
V
, g M 2n
•S z g
O.D. aaa
E E E E S
^S
o
n
I
r-S D O
OOOOO
y
V
Q
.« 0 t->
OOOOO
'"*
e
3
a
f- S
"5
a
p^
u u '
O
^
i § «
'i ° "S
'i1
_*
**3
0 u ° •
•
^
, y
•^
^,
i- Sf" v.j='T -1
rSo j>
•H u u
o
S .2
f_i
o •~~'
Si j= g a) 'P 3 i
il ^
u u -
3 U
<
;SJi.
»j rt 0-5 be 0 S
•-g M
. -8V1
•^3
rt
1- •-.
4) S ^ S C ^
' di rt
^ J gj Ji Ji
"i> 2
c *•
fc
— —
K JS 43 3 *- ^ *-
* J3 *•"
0 ^
s
« rt
*^ *"* rt "tt "" rt 1
:H o
_ ^y VM
bObo
" t
Id «"
>
11^ >l
u U
>° •
. "*J t./
Si ^3 ~^ -C ^
_> u
•a
) y W
to^— v^- *«
u *•
U 4>
bA bf
a a a a a a .:
i § S
5"S S"5 2
0
O O
o'o'o'o>o'o1 t
(la1 b
»^ n R ^B.C Jy
^
U «
0 0 U U U 0
iS *
§ M«3.— ^
-
*-s B
u
\
iC
"N o . u S
i 0
<u ^^J *^ ^ v
i?
Vj .>
.*"* U " fc -T 6"
^
(
' 17 t>
v* ^j ® O^^ "^
a
1
«| g
S o "E~ "5)'^*
J
ig S
"5 "O o k* o 3
1
*o 2
*» *5U S U a
1
1
1
1
:il "-1
5^ fa
31 S
' silli
u a 3 a a
Si -
c
rt
j
J
rs
i"O Q
.
u
•a 5
u
Q .
4)
• S O
W Q^^ ' ^
1
j S £
;^ s
S g a 3 o
E
s
;— o
aaaao,
^
v O
EEEEE
a
OOOOO
.S
OOOOO
DIRIGIR
•DJ3 -DJS -DJ3
*3pin3 ABUI jio "papinS ^o 'apinS pjnoqs jto 'spinS jji
3 •
w
e
hH
- Q « o "I
•e o l^l-^^ll
w w S _. 3 "T E, ? r'T
J ^ 3--bC5c*)bO>^3
fe W ^^IjURll
H H sillll^ll
i* u ^
|
O
Oi J3
H 5
<vl .A! 'anqjvi 'uaq.vi 'p
p o
0
•^
| § ^ § §
H
^ W «
^ •/, EjSee c « S.2cc « E~ec
II
o
(sgma|.2en
ssaasaas SM^ftSJfiS vvu^^vu^
bt be be be bt bt be be be be bt be bt bt bt be bt bt bt be be be bt be
i— i
O
•o -o -a -o TI -a -a -a
HH
.5 ^ >
> £ > > > >
Q
bO
•Dja 'anbunfc 'seq
M
w
o
•a
-U3IUI 'opueno 'is
f^
a
a
v
W
z
5
J>
w
*u
H
•5
w
H
ffi
J
M
E-
O,
M
y
0
w
H
C*
Z
Hi
0
EH
H
W
I
i
•sptnS oj pssn M>
"3
0
1
bO
Q
0
« Q «
11 3 1
M M g>j> , "2 -S §1 ^f
^
till I
0 * 60^ Sb
>. ^l-l'si'-i''! * '5 "1 '§) ^ o^ u^.-s «^ *
M
- a s ^ 3 § « |
— > Si ^2 S c « «j3 c
bt « 5 « 3-0 03^ = =
•r H -S "8 !*3-c ='3 «-=
^.2 -"= c bc£^j) o ^ -STJC-C^^O ^ '3 ^"3 c u'= W> o
^«S«-^«S>- •S:5-l-='5:! bisJ r» = *S-= JE'S —
~ < S'Sabot^bo^-S
fl CJ *«_§ u o H w-x o
i§ « = Si:*?X3 -bs'Sabctwg.^^ ^J = Sg«Sx3
^*2«o'u4)So Sb£2uo4>o5io "2«o«u2o
— -5— xS ><~ >. CL i-i'Sj: >.? >.— >» i-i-m: >,£ >,— >,
w S "c-x>>
> K
•
g g^ |«ee
- /• u o*« o o « E.- = c
« e ~ e e - *« C C -^ -a -a -s u •« -a -a
2.2.3.2.2-2.2.2 «-o-o e » u -j &££££££<•
^ i^«^.l &B.^^
be be be bt be be b« be be bt bt be bt be be be be be be be be bt be be
•o -a -o -o -o -o -a rs
=5 =5 =5 =5 =5 =5 =5 =5 ^S^SSSS^ S^^^^^^S
> ^
> ^ > ^ > ^
DIRIGIR
57
uld guide
shouldst gui
ould guide
honor shoul
ould guide
ould guide
should guid
honors sho
i * SSil • • s i
< V O w v*o w O v
g .1: .b .- .- ± ± .- .t
s -5 -5 "o -5 -3 -5 "o "3
^ > S
oooooooo
tn
22222222
- - u 'u T "-"-"-
•5 -5 -5 -5 -3 -5 -a -3
i v o 5P
ti .c fa j: 2
•S3 h «! p h M
•= 3 33 6«3 c
6^§.as§- s
"g O ^ 4_, C ^ U
r- C o O c O &
iiSSlS a
w « C^'CS'^'O ^
5 '3*s *j *j*3 •« *j'g
— — U— J3i OQ >
efc ^* -^
>l- .1;
.S.S.es.M.M.ej c
u 'u *b *C ^ 'C 'C S •
•o-S •5:5:5:a:5:3 e.
08 a;
o.H
T3 C
bjc J- be -—
^ 4l'&s1|jj||
| 111 ^1| E
I fliigiii
to s S 5*1 S § ?J=
«™
•o ^ ^ -a -a T3 -o •«
. a o . o
y ^ 4> *j «j
having guided.
«_' -f .
fiijl
|5!f!
hih
Ji«lk
r, to surge.
, to urge.
0
T3
|sl|s
"§'5
"bt>
T
^2 v ^T3
si
5
il 3_ u"3
> OT: > o
«,= g rtjn
O
T3
Q
.-
2
O
O
^^^^J
•8
S
JC
W
. « « « «
hJ
Ac
H
CJ
•5 oo o S
II
0
Z
_-o .^-^.Sfj; S
2 2
H
C3
i— i
^5^5 ^ e
£ C
<A
<
P.
pa
£3
C/2
!uiil
'5'5i
£2
H
8*3 3* g73
Z
JmfJSjSJi
W
•^
W
W C
'£
CO
M
O v-
Sj
W
BH
•w£
w
Q
•S18
w
Z
M * ^ . *O
JJ aa*> c
! t3'I
Q
£
fc«Mti.O
6 «
2
|
EEEEE
* t C
0
U
OOOOO
OOOOO
!s°-^
&
<; '*• **
g
9
O
1
O
T3
O *J
-t
»S
be be
^ E E B "".3,
^
Q
•5 -3
•o-a-o-o-o-o =c
1
O
— "
£
S
. V.
H
>
H
>
.s|
H
H
<
C O
Z
U
O 3.S
£ S « S 3 Cd
O >j
O
a.
O
Q .
; w .-O
aaaaa
EEEES
OOOOO
OOOOO
-SUEJ; XEUI
DELINQUIK
ss
tra
|
1
"u
U 0"Jc«SK'"f ?<
& 1 iiillill - & -1 • i
cflfl inrt H^W^tfi^CO a''rtC'o2 ^
v^X
^
t/)t£iii.iJi)tj&£ x-v r^'^i3»M*-i3"Oj2 •^tnbcSi-iiutnh/it's J2 c
C/2
C/3
w
X
ij
&<
a
o
o
s
|i |i ft j| |
04
o
M
"^ M -5 ^ ?, % >£ >, "S H •£ x >. ? 5^,-S §> * « •£ ^ >, I S.-S 5, Jje-^rt-^cl- —
O
C/D
£
i
<
A*
H
o
J uiiiii] yiiinii ^iiiiiui ijjjliiil
Is
"^5 •** * ^ '
P§
H
C/)
N^
v"1 "^ ''IN* 'u^^•v^ '}l
H
S5
r
^> M ^ « to
•— -1
!& g^
O
H
^ « ^""§ak^«IB« E~BE to E~BB
II
1
gg £ eg ed l:5 Si 33333333 33333333 33333333
l
BBEBBBEB EBEEBBBE EEBEEBBB EEEEECCC
(-H
•f
^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^«^^^^^^
O*
M
|
> > > ^ • ^> ^^
^j
U
•a
^ f
C/3
e
|^
•3;a 'anbuns 'SEJJ
w
u
™
"3
a-
-uaiui 'opuBna 'is
w
H
«
U
J
~
•a
.
P^
a.
w
s
W
•SS3J3
^
w
5
-SUEJJ oj pasn so
E
H
"3
c
H
Pi
1
M
-—
H
O
3
1
^
s « =
0
i
a
w c '«
» .& V)
x en u MB
I/} (A *B ' E
h- 1
c
H
o
&) " S c1 &) M f^C C M M M &
<
s
fc, "sS bo'S c1 1 '1 -S S i "2"u "im01!
O
&
>— >
K
O
;o transgress
tCATIVE
<ut/1t'Objn*-|U5O ^ C*jrtO*-^-ajO J2 aj-^HOx/ifwO rt*Jrtoi3rt*-o
^•GoJDgu^oCCc rtui^Cflji-C r^3 ^•^^tflC^' ^" — ^ ^ -* ^ e
u
-
C*J«-C2«*!"£3 oi':i§-cSS':"a C-crt'G2n!i!'a ^*S — j£~^~
C
S5
2o'*J3*J*J^3 SS^S^^S 25*~*3*J*J^3 •S3^3W)^13
•
3
IT
"-1 — — >• * ^~ >» '-1 ~ — >• ^ >^~ •*• 1-1 ^ js ^ S x~ x 1-1 « j: >^ S x~s >.
£•>»
C
o
CO
"u
to «.2 E E °
"O
« E 'A = c *! °5 2 2 4S-«-B l:S-§.§
2 » « J £ S S * .2 2 .2 .2 '* .2 * ._ .2 5 ~ J .2 2 .2 *• u .- .- .- •- •- .-
£J
-3333333 33333333 33333333 33333333
*H
%J3"3'o"O'31cr^' o'crcro'^'cro'o* o'o'O'O'o'crTj o'3'3"3"3'3'O'3"
EESCCEEE CEEEEEEE EECCCCCC EECECEEC
DELINQUIR
59
oooooooo
33333333
.E£ECECES
•O -O T3 13 T3 -O TJ TJ
> ^
« E.2 = c
".2.2.2 a 2-2.2
'5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '3
O-O'ITO-O'S'S'O'
e.E E E c E.E.E
•O -O -O T3 TJ T3 T3 -O
S c
SI
wo
p
iis
s 09 a os « a
%i
c
u u u D u u
o o o o o o
pre
nte
«•£
°.S
s
0 o
w J3
S u
>
^
»1 »§
-2S
H
o/«r
•s >^
1 Is 1 Is
P ® 5 C * a
2^
E^1
si
M
(A V}
tA (O
= | £ B S «
ij
04
S
tuo bjo
B B
B B
S^ c 3 " B
° 0
JI
" "
~ — " — — -
3 M
•
05 H
.s >
to «
3*3
a1 a-
>!BB
ca ts eg es a eg
|a
ss
B B B B B B
±-
•si
•O-O-OTJ-OiS
'3 s
or o
•o
« S •"
B
J
1
>, a 2
_
k
•P
nj , 3 .
"re
• V
c
£ CJ > W O CJ
— :
; > o
E
. «jS«'S «
V
3* «
M
•o-o •3"^'°
CT
i
J'O'O
•5
> «"g "^3 S
> I
j ° £
_£
•* &)"« 5>c &
e
Q
i-< C-H c« E
1
|M g
T3
— 2 « E ~ C
*- '
'a
O
j: — j: ** X —
2 *
'x **
or
—
«
*^
C
"
'•5
H
u "
U
•o
F*
u ° *1
biendo
'UNCTJ
"4-0
ill
O
'5
3-
C
2 §
3
s
>—i
pa
1 1 1
~
T3
*f
W
w
' 2 8
tt
U
2|
U
-
U
" 3 S
3
3
P
(4
1 "e
04
£ 0
:/i
M -0
H
M C4
04
04*
1 ! !
3
•d
B
O
U
p!
a a o.
a
d
O
E E E
S
E
u
o o o
o
o
O 0 0
u
O
o -a
-d
*- U 4*
1
-^ T?
ji
U . M U «
»
4* *- (y X 2«
g
H
»O ^ bJD H to
«1j E " rt
u
0 In S « i3
S
X
p
rgiii
^ ™ «-^ ^ -o
0
*- x-^«— i *5
•a
>T3 §"rt O
'a
2 — "^ "^
3-
~~ *„_
C
T3
U y U -g
NITIVE: haber
ICATIVE MOOD
e delinquido, etc.
abia delinquido,
ube delinquido, f
abre delinquido,
abria delinquido,
ft,
-
JSSJSMJS
55
•
|M|
•^
o
Q
Q .
" dS - B
O
S g M 9 a
g
d'do.o.d
-
EEEES
O
o o o o o
o
OOOOO
6o
DISTINGUIR
-upsip XEUJ -
•p3ustn3ui}stp
p[nous
-mjsip iJB
NGUISH
g
«
I— I
p
o
p
PQ
W
W
H
H
<
O
£
^
O
U
oo
o
1
^2 '3
3 bo
sl
X g1 .S
-0 "S
•
j, X
.2 -^ r" 1/1
X
c
3 y) r- O3 M
•o
.2
bOX ••-' *r? r* •*-* ^
.2 '3
'5
bo c
!2'S'3T3'='= M—
3 Bo
^N "B bo T3 c
- JS
be
C
<r.
•5
MOOD
B -3
Jjj *• J3 .2
Illlilll
? .2 -3 '-3 "^"-d-o 2
t£ ^"^2 §2-o "3 §
5J «T3.S-dT3«-a
? -aasa s; «^^
^ ifa^iii;!
«, -a M-= ^ 3 •- w 2
•tti-fillllli
1 c.2.5 S-S-gJ o
« .2
- 1 J
w
W „.
4 -5 n3 •£ X tfl "55 'S ,£
^ "3'S Sx_2 o-Sx
<i •apo'Sx.2'M'!3~
.gcB-ot/)B.co
E
> 1
h *
ilillitll
^X^oiy^tn^^
Plllttll
j: lilljlil
D
0*
s 4-><->~-w-UMU-W
^-> 4J*J*J*Jrt'S'S«
^j^^-u-"-"-"-"
^ •£ g'*O g^TS Xg
H
5
H -gxxxxxxx
v> XXXXXXXX
"^ ^^xxxxxx
[? i-t •£ x >, ^ >.•£ >.
2
•—I
pa
•!>
s
^ — r^o""^
04
C3
s
SH
$,
'sinjjfc^Mqm <ji
H
J*
s
,r.
S
w
UJ
0
o
o
w
u^aul'Sgg
w
••••••33
hfl
e
CCEEC ccc
•9Ss9s99
UUUUL.UUU
^c~
„ E-SSS
« u « _a -4* K u u
JJ ~ .i .2 ;*i « ^J .2
.2 .i .2 « i- .i .2! .3J
"3
IIIIHll
= '3 = 33333
be be be be be be be be
BCCCCBCB
be be be be be be be be
cececcce
^ '3 '5 3 33 '3 '5
be be be be be be be- bt
ceeececB
.s'
tniAIAcniAIAUlIA
.'i
flflflflflflflfl
flflflflflflflfl
•a -o •« -a fl -a -a -a
flflflflflflflfl
•8
e
•o
> >
>
> ^
> ^~
e
^ .
.-
•313 'anbune 'SBJJ
S.
-uaitu 'opuBno 'is
c
•5
W
"bo
BM
J
y
'3
H
M
C
•qsmS
^
J
-utisip oj pasn uo
Pu
•3
g
Ml
H
M
b£ -2
S3
X
c x
X
W
•7 '3
•d
x .2
C/3
'3 M
bXJ '5 Wig1
*d o
'3 bo
w
_c .e ^
.S y g3 bo-S -a
x 2 '3
bo C
- .S „.'—
fX)
.2 „ '3 tuc
.2 = Si)
'-5
c
Q
O
O
•a tS M ,5
°x M -a x'S
^ cn <u (/) ^ r^ "-*
iWillB
•3-SSo=MS>S§
c°.2.S o-S.S.2 §
•S -5 W* 2'K'O —
•Ig'"9 3^^^ =
jl*|j|Sg,|g.
X M-M^'H Sji
•IHII.HS
.E-O'-S ...S2 tnT3 S2
•S^..2 OT3^ <u 2
•9 A "19 fl .« i- H
^^^^
SM5IJ5H
>-, — - X >, S >>~ >>
3 be 'C C
bO^ J ^. J -g
•~ .2 3 '-3 ^^TS ><g
Jjj^'l.o «
.2 '"2 -2 o'-S.a^ o
Jljlllll
'5
t
i
5
^^ CA
3~
| S
b(
c
•
g '
^ 0 '
^ •Smal'Sii
^ . 8-s |§
^ -W f- *- 1- U
-^ T-. -c -c BB v •
^ « E.2 e e
.g-g-g-gg-g-g-g
•5
S
fc
^ bt be be be be be bt
33333333
MMMMMMMM
33333333
be be be be be be be be
33333333
be be be be be be be bt
u
B'BCCCCCC
c e e c c c e s
BBCCCCBC
ececccce
>
CACflcACACACACAtA
'S'S'S'StntS'Sw
•sts«»»««»
tACA!A!ACA!A<AtA
DISTLVGUIR
61
•paijstnSuusip
in-
is-
is-
is-
distinguish
uldst distinguish
i distinguisll
or should distinguisl
d distinguish
i distinguish
uld distinguish
tors should distinguis
1
1
f
i
•3
a
S
0
•o
U -G i « J=
1 ^.3 | 1
riti^y^
?§-a?r^k^>a<s
Jj V— V \^ u ^ U-T3 «•
rlllilMn
l|lf£llKj
»dy been distinguish)
•a o-r g 3-5 o g
u
be
B n « n a
u
•I
3"« o~_2 o «J3
— t3 JZ >* S >**** S*>
Q.
e «
o s •£
_ 5 — 2 a
distin
Q
5
c
— — ^ — —
O o u
u «3 u
"rt
A
A
•Si
I
O
*«»llgg
"5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5
be be be be be be be be
.E.E.E E.E.E.E.S
•/itS«tS»_22^2
•5 -5 "3 -5 "3 "5 -5 -5
> i
AND NEGATIVE
distinguish (thou) not
r distinguish (ye) not
let me not distinguish
let him not distinguish
V. distinguish not, your h
nos let us not distinguish
let them not distinguis
VV. distinguish not, your 1:
first person singular, throughoi
i italics.
i. PARTICIPLE: habiendo
SUBJUNCTIVE W
haya distinguido, etc
iorm) hubiera distinguido,
orm) hubiese distinguido,
hubiere distinguido,
hubiera or hubiese
distiniruido. etc.
iollow.
;uir, to distinguish again (wha
f irregular verbs (see § 158).
o
C tO •• «•
W <,-3
> «-«
B a « — g
H
&
I!
« -a
.. ~" OB
v 2£
3
x C « C C
gcseeacsacsa
S *J*J
Z
Q
S d d «J ^
„" £ E a o
1 U
X
2
-3
E •5-3
•OTS^-a-o-o — M
M
S
0. « « fc, 0
C 8 3
n
'•5
33333333
bfi be be be be be be be
< §g
OOOOOO ^ -j
e e c c c e 83
|.S
Q
O
d d d d d
EEEEE
O O O O
1 *
i!
-
=.
2
^^fi^ntntnlfl^fl^fl
Q
&">.
2
^
O O O O CJ
•^
2
•5 -5 -5 -5 -5 5 "5 -5
O
u "
J f
D
u
^ OJ
'-C
a
o
•^ >
> t
w
.s t!
1
u u u
^ f .
be
s
_2
p
^
M
§ i '5 =
0
•1
o j-^l-S
•1 "si
"rs
tn
2
U
5.
u u'S^'E,
^2
a "3"
.22 "3 3 "yj ti 3 ft^s
.9
—
Iflll
Is.
3
PU 2"ir
3 Si o-= E: o ° «
v
"i 5 *3 "« "^
22
•r
s S^
c *s - cF"S * -o* S!
6
bfi 3 ^ *13 u
z
>— i *- ^-
*= (9*3*Q *D*3 — ^
A
•5 e* r" ^ rt
U b
Q
J3 2
.2 '3
3 &
.2.2
3 3
ftpjl ll
^
l|-l|
|»5i
1) U
•a
•S -S I
ss
^ 'Z S 3 w '« "3 •*
>T3 <U~B O
£§
c
n
'•5 '-3
^^^^^"•3 ^^
be
JS X'j'S'S
H
-
iJllitk
RllilJl
..^
C Ig
• § > 3"o
> C vi ac
'•5
«
•5
Q
O
C
5!
. a a S S
* *
Q
be
*
onal (Consequent^
•ol2 ="32"! §
2 3 §^"« I >.S
— n3rt. aj-3
"> j? u 0 | UJ-; 0
X
0
« E.2cc
.2-2-2-2-2.2.2.2
4> •-
3 3
be be
££
SS
n <n
•39
B s a o 3
linn s^
'•£ '-5 '-5 '-5 S '*• s S
M • • tt M V beu
•5:5:5:5:5:3 e S
M0-
.S S
•3 a
§£
JS
FINITIVE: haber
INDICATIVE 1
he distinguido, et
habia distinguido,
hube distinguido,
habre distinguido
habria distinguid*
r, to make a distinctio
extinguish.
•c;
33333333
^•O
2
"5 -2
<;
be be be be be be be bo
>• u
NH
"o
b*^
§
nnneenc_c
ll
Q
3*3
Vj
«T3
2
V C*W 3 o
«&
•D'O'O^J'O'S'O'O
O H
>3
DoSoJbO
=5.5
-^ - —
O
= -
J> ^
2
—
dad cud,
2S
I-*
^5
EEEEE
U 1>
u
o
o o o o o
g
u
ooooo
62 MULLIR
j£_ '313 '3J3 'dn 'DJ
'dn jEaq AEUI M> -dn jE3q MI JEsq pinoijs M> 'dn jsaq
1
a a
a I
3 -^ riJli
§•
^
3
rt a
^ llllll
•1
rt 4)
«l -£
§• f
M
s
Q
C
c
e. -^ o.»
g.|f'|2 2 « §
?
,^
«2.fl u-2-n-a £
-° 3^3 g^'O'3 °
S
§" "S a£
e3 u
O* *^ d, Cfl
^7
s
— — 5 ~ u ^ — ~
*S
3 "« O .c O O "w-C
^i
— — * _Z ^ ~ -5 ~
PL^
^^
2 3^ ^-^^ >»^"
O _ -C .. ™ JS . i_
_C 3 cO S *" w >% S
-V,
S 3 -^ *-" ^ n >. **
CUta 3 c "* 3 tg S
|~~^
H
H
'l^
•a 2 u o v vjl o
Tj
2Jjsfjgj|
8
•a 2 « o " «) S o
3 « « 2 « "ti v 2
Pi
>
*J
t— !.*•.£ >,> >l*^ >»
.V
8
•— • *- JS >» > >.^3 >»
^
13 « "~" ^ ti*3"^
H
<
H
o
1
££'£5'££££
S
££•5 •£•£•££•£
i
•S£££££££
k
s
«£ - llt.l'l
W
g
z
C»
•v
^
^
1
\^ ~ ** j
•oia 'uSnomiE
-
0*
— -.
^
ts
%
'3TIUM 'H3UAV 'IT
0
X
|
§
s
I
o
|
II
o
<a E.r-cc
55555555
22222222
«S«o||||
« E.i = =
UUDUUKUll
—
's^^'s^^^^
33333333
33333333
3 SS^^S 3 3
HH
(X
EEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE
i
> ^
> t
> >
> ^
co
1
•3ja 'snbune 'SEJJ
-
w
o"
-tnna 'opaena 'is
M
2
s
>
H
^
H
W
J
M
ffl
J
H
~
w
U
fe
H
0
pj
O
g
HH
H
•dn
^
c/:
jesq oj pasn M>
O
P4
Pi
a
'
3
1— k
"So
a ="
^^
C
3 be
O
u
Illr, to beat up.
DICATIVE MOOD
Present
I beat (do beat, am beat
thou beatest up
he beats up
your honor beats up
we beat up
ye beat up
they beat up
your honors beat up
Imperfect
I was beating up
thou wast beating up
he was beating up
your honor was beating
we were beating up
ye were beating up
they were beating up
your honors were beatin
i
1
I beat up
thou didst beat up
he beat up
your honor beat up
we beat up
ye beat up
they beat up
your honors beat up
Future
I shall beat up
thou wilt beat up
he will beat up
your honor will beat up
we shall beat up
ye will beat up
they will beat up
your honors will beat ii|
3
^
E
M
0)
w
S
O
«5
« GVCC
e
« E.2ec
0 «ecE«ee
5.255-255.2
11=1111=
33333333
EEEEEEEE
33333333
EEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE
"3 "5 "5 "3 "3 "3 "5 s
EEEEEEEE
S
> £
>- >
> ^
> £
63
•dn jeaq so
K
!
I should beat up
thou shouldst beat up
he should beat up
your honor should beat up
we should beat up
he should beat up
they should beat up
your honors should beat up t
0 0
he past definite third person singula:
syllable is printed in italics.
: habiendo mullido, having beate
Q
C
c
•z
that I have or may have beaten up,
that I should have or had beaten up
that I had or should have beaten up
that I have or shall have beaten up,
that I should have or had beaten up
pies. tullir, to emit dung (bird
zabullir, to immerge.
s
3
~^
<3
8
.S
o
*, 2 u «> !•§ 5 5
J"?
•*•* rt O ^j u O
8 R ^ O 0 44
g O C C O
rticiple, in t
;es occur the
RTICIPLE
5UBJUNC1
. ° v v n
•£ 0 0 0 £
'O^'Oja
c-j-jiE '•- 3 3
ik out in pirn
flea-bitten.
*Ki
^
8
o
33333333
EEEEEEEE
> £
NEGATIVI
rt rt
^- -— — ^- -^ —
s ^
present pa
these chanf
<
OH
W
1 1 1 1 S o"
E2|£2l
>,'£!£ !£Z g
JP
a 3
oooooooo
a
. o ?*
4) 4)
W
£ £ £ JS J3
*' *3 ^
O
z
jSjj
« 03 a oa o) 8
||
co
«
PH
ff
1 f S
ajaaff aa
VTIVE
3 3
EE
333333
EEEEEE
'> 4)
W
CO
Z
Q
1J
8 S «
illlllii
S
H
(b
o e
E E
o o e e e o
EEEEEE
« S
d)
H
&
O
ft
§tt^i
1
>
E
<«
"2
Q
S
d,««(».O
•5
v ^ >
Q
Si
3
O
o
ddddd
E E E SE
•s .s
-a
O
_- 4)
g-a
o o o o o
OOOOO
•S §"
S
|2
S
o
1 -?
w
0 1
"? =
o
y*
1 |s
H
0 ft 0
ft-C 3J3
t §
« o c ^S
23
ft
S"3 t. ft« i.
ft
X
3 ft
3 *-. 3 3 rt 3
C **
3
~ ^ rt ** *^
i* ~
K
.-^ 3
*• « O « 4) o
•So.
a
& G.u ^^
S^
OH
go
^4)^ ^2"~ ^
4j
^ _Q 41
3 ^
•S
«.^
llSsia
+- *-> ^ -^ *^ 2
tl
Is
1
V
fill-3
E «
« C
4* <U
* j
1
^ x-^.^"S
o.
§J!^
u **
o
O
lllll
3
<-. rt
rt 4>
>
»^a
O
S
«
s^
C. 4) J
«^
™ ^ ™
ft>
MM
. u
s*
0) •—
S J2 — — — --
P-c
2
W
O 0 H U
( Conseque
|||
"3 "3
EE
"3 "3 "3 "3 "3 "3
EEEEEE
ling in llir di
ive tenses dei
haber mu
NDICATIV
t) u " -
y|l|
ill^l
= 1 p E E
3 B^D «
I
§
"^
«
s
'ilii in
W
•Jfitf
B£*A*
„ a 3 o) e)
fi|
g
,<i
•ef
H
£££££
=1
"^
0
>«
S
*jj
"3 °
8
» E.2EE
|l
£
. ° «
'S "
C
.2-2-2.2-2-2-2-2
ij
H-O
fa
g
CO " *> • ^
b g CO 3 o
2 =
33333333
EEEEEEEE
zS
1
ol
s
o
ddddd
EEEEE
o o o o o
^ 4)
> >
"ft
0
ouuuo
64
BRUfflR
'qsiuanq XB
•psqsiiunq
-jnq p|noqs
'qsiuanq l|E
\
x
1 =
1 ^
1 1
-
a
•g -2
'c _
•OJ3 -.2-2
"M .2
JRNISH
LRTICIPLE: bruftid
rCTIVE MOOD
V
that I burnish
that thou burnish
that he burnish
that your honor burni
that we burnish
that ye burnish
that they burnish
that your honors burr
First Fornt)
liat I should burnish
liat thou shouldst bu;
iat he should burnis
liat your honor shoul
hat we should burnis
hat ye should burnisl
liat they should burn
hat your honors shot
5
J
hat I burnished
hat thou burnished
hat he burnished
hat your honor burni
hat we burnished
hat ye burnished
hat they burnished
liat your honors burn
j
burnish
hou burnish
e burnish
our honor burnish
ie burnish
e burnish
iiey burnish
our honors burnish
**** *•«"- — *'•>'
s
i—1
PQ
"S
z
p
^
.^
"3J3 'qSnoqjjB
EH
^>
>
'sjiq-vi 'uaq.tt 'ji
O
en
B
f
•§,
•
."•H
a,
x
,&
8
0
•
0
•
c.2 c e
« E.£ee
•8««§?SS
II
•f E * c c
a a a a a '5 a a
•c c >c •= <e <s « «
222
22222
vvvvvvvu
IK IR IS IR IR IR IR IS
IR IS IK IR IR IR IS IS
rt
33333333
333
33333
33333333
33333333
p— i
1^
§
££££££££
£.£.£.
AAAAA
££££££££
«JO£££JS££
IFH
P
1
> ^
> i
> i
> ^
P4
E
v j
pq
5
•Dja 'anbunc 'smj
V)
u
o
-uaita 'opuetiD 'is
—
in
•a
rt
Z
J
i>
H
3
M
M
w
p-}
w
ffi
—
g
s
H
w
jj. •
H
O
<
CL,
•qsra
H
-anq oj pssn ^o
>— i
H
x
1
^^
~s
.£
O
H.
a
3
ja
yj .5
£
a
a
.5 —
* -g
O
u
6
M
M
'E : brunir, to burnish.
INDICATIVE MOO
Present
I burnish (do burnish,
thou burnishest
he burnishes
your honor burnishes
we burnish
ye burnish
they burnish
your honors burnish
Imperfect
I was burnishing
thou wast burnishing
he was burnishing
your honor was burnis
we were burnishing
ye were burnishing
they were burnishing
your honors were burn
1
I burnished
thou didst burnish
he burnished
your honor burnished
we burnished
ye burnished
they burnished
your honors burnished
Future
1 i
2ljsllfell
>
IB
^i
09
to
e
§
e
E.SCC
o ol> e e
<a E.£' = c
•-i
OV4>V«->~U4>
. - S
a 3 2.2 2
.-.£•--- .5.- !r tj
i ~ ™ i .i: i i i
w
1C >C (C <C 'C « 1C 1C
£39
'C 'C 'C 'C 'C
ic ie IK IR <c ie IR IR
ie >e <c 'C « <c ic ic
^
33333333
333
33333
33333333
33333333
BRUfflR
•paqsimnq •«?
1
U - «J ,
-•c T3 __--a
jj
')
uld burnish
shouldst burnish
ould burnish
honor should burnish
lould burnish
ould burnish
should burnish
honors should burnish
||
B-1
"Eg
!i
"c-c
|&
e *•»
liendo brunido, having burr
OD
I have or may have burnished
I should have or had burnishe
I had or should have burnishe
I have or shall have burnished
I should have or had burnishe
o
"te
c
o
u
c
I
al ( Antecedent
t!
S
B _
^ O
S c S3
§ xj a^
•^ "« fc-r-''"" )- "^ ^
•i'So-jjs! g_g
^ 3 >.£xi ^ '"-S
gccog" •o'g
LTICIPLE: hat
^ j|j:j:J=J3
y uou
> . « U V „
— u •• •> * to
b ".mi .
§ ff33.cS
unir, to snarl.
rinir, to restrain.
0
.5
jjg tt « 1 w «
w n
M
E^'c "S-Z'c &g,
»
<
w 3 °£
i- ^
|
~
<s is is IB is is IB i«
33333333
uuuuuuuu
- 33
H .0.0
S u = uu 5 g
--•^---^ c|
a,
fH
t— * •• (fl li 4> 03 .2
3 £t Z W U ES
W 5 4) 41 U g
*•*•
e
,O£A.fi££
>
mm
1
^ «-
H — —
>| > *J
"^ E e e «-
C30363CQ030B " -1
ESEN'
>,!c ^ £ £ l-
S' 3 3 3 3 •*
_>,
O O 0 0 0 0
o o
z ,2,5
K
1 §
V,
T3
£
< 33
3 's 3 3 3 3 -S-C
co
DH
^ o
s
I
o
e e
g .0.0
«**X!£ja jj£
co
O
«-o
s
1
a
22222222
15 IB IB IB IB IB is is
33333333
H 0 O
< BB
3
o e o o o o '> .
c c c e c e . J
,_'S
Z
U
H
POUN
«•••"**
" E £ a o
•
1
e
It
— o
.C.D.O.O.C.C
mf
*• '''S
Q
Z
O
aaaao.
^
0 *^_
>'
J^
^ 3
u
c c c c c
±5
Q "g u
O
o o o o o
UCJUUU
*
ic a
•3
8 |-
cu
S
I
"Eu
** £ >£ °
0
• • £
W
W g 2 _g
u
T3
•£ " "
i
r*
H -S"
< S'v
-•s-*5 ^:l<a i"5-
^'5 5^ £3 ? g
1
« .Ji|
& -x*;
W ^,=
•° pJ=^ ^J5~ ^ ^1
3
^1
•a - £ '£ 3
&< T; M
>
S g-g
EIS'E S -£'2 'g[§
H
jg
'Si2"rt u «
1-1 33
*^ ** 3 "fc* 1o S -j ~
o
u e ^* > r^
.O.O
^!^XI — — J *• ^
xi si-i.c-d
§•3
o
>^o '='—"§
•S
ic
g
Q
o
JJ|i^
t.iU
ieS
>1cc -°
93 03 0) «9 08 03 0-13
1C 1C 1C ICC 1C S >
C
h
O
s-
. . o
3 3
333333 "^' =
£
u
d - " • O
1, 2j-g g E'c | 1
ii
1C <»
a
£
>
S5*S2
*!2 *o-2 IS
S £*Ji5^^3-^
«
H
o 15 "^ *c S
^ ll^gS^i
e S
»!
W
>
<
U
sjejl
^«!1|11H
II
H
l-y
H
z
*l^li
11
° o
la
= 5
SSSE6
o o o o o
ooouo
66 TAftER
pjnoijs
INGED INSTRUMENT)
PARTICIPLE: tafiido, played.
TIVE MOOD
x
1 i
>, -o 2
« 1 ffcJ*»*t!
a XaJS^^JS a"
b " -2 2 ft i- & o-2 £
... O ^_O ftg^jO-o— "30.
£i C Z? G /-~N.»« O-^ C "^ — o C
.2 >,o Jr->,^S o »2^30 = 3jo
X G« rt JS^S rt ftX f- 3«OXOoMX
^3 s"B.^ e-"a>,g ,5 _g s-g ..-S-f >,^
aj«g««)^o S"Soa)g«uji
«-J=>.*S>.-^ ^ w -SJS >,^ >>•£ X
* (drtrtrtntrtrt^ ^> rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
» •£ •£•£•£•5 •£•£•£ i^ •£•£•5 •£•£•£•£•£
I I
a' a
•ft "5l
"2 ^ •" 2
^N ti/e ° T3 TJ £ 0
t?ilififi
k g.e.rt.c.cs ^aj:
5*j?ittti
^s w^x >,f >£ >.
S j: J= j= j= j= .2 J: j= i
3 i
S1
« -s
"H. „
>• 1 xl
•2 >. ° 51 >,— 2
>.. D. « j: js « cx^
K
£
Pi
PAST
SUBJUNC
D-.
S
•x_x it
1 _
a
'ajiq.w 'uaqjtt 'ri
x E.icc
a E.'£ c c
•i. E~ C C
M
c
• E«BC 222S22S2
uvvuuuuu
vvvvvvav
H
II
1
eaaaasaa ttltt-tttt
1C 1C 1C 1C 1C C « 1C « 'S 'S <s « '» 'S «
55555*55 55555555
aaaaaaaa
Illlllil
II
W
u
o
^
> > > >
> >
> >
w
m
Ifc
w
<s
•313 'anbunc 'SEJJ
H
-uatui 'opUBna 'is
H
H
H
PQ
J
-
j
Pn
S
O
r£]
35
H
J|7J
K
^
<
h
W
H
ffi
Z
M
0)
M
.<E[d o; pasn ^a
o
PH
^
bfl
z
•5. M -S
o
0
•§• '§. I
x >•
CONJUGATI
tafier, to play.
DICATIVE MOO
Sn ft
M "a MU
rt- £ £ =»"»££
>> rt — >,2*«CcX4
^3. "\3 M^-£ S'?.'>»2
s! ft'S i £ ,<sj.Sft;T>l.'S«ai2
.0 ^F*>>-~~ o o.~a.v °
•C M VMt fl *^C ^WtftQ-C ^«C
?3~2>,o>->^o S.B,g.lg8lJ
h x&^^^^o^ I* « * « £ S *t
lj;|i£tl ^'lllgll!
M 9 Ji is i >,- x M •£ J5 is * x's >-
•8 I
1*1 -
% - S-o "Si
S JS 3"H.^"5."a>.fc
($J a^uo|«^o
iiy
H 2
M
H
M
INFINI
S "
Bo- •'• E.i = =
e S « « S^S S S -S 5-2 .2 -2 -2 -2 -2
tc ic ic « « etc ie ieicSieieicicie
55555555 55555555
o o*u c e
ie « '» « ic IS 's «
55555555
s«
1111 sill
1C C 1C (C (C 'C 1C C
5555555 *
> ^ > >"
> S
> ^
TAffER
|
' I should play
thou shouldst play
he should play
your honor should play
we should play
ye should play
they should play
your honors should play
ndo tanido, having played.
MOOD
hat I have or may have played,
hat I should have or had playec
hat I had or should have playe
hat I have or shall have played,
hat I should have or had playec
3
S
o
C B
>J= rt'-S
.-
a
W
5
•O c
•ao-l-l-i
£
H
u
dd««
^
•-K
^
s
V)
«8 •I'sSS
3
IS
•g o x^ c **
2 c „- o c --
~ g O C g 0
U
N]
OH
Z
ID
03
y ill §
£
IIIHIII
> "3."3.
*j .tj rt .*.*_. rt
H
t>
t/5
~3'|5se
999999 99
h
a
3 2 || 2|
• ^
o
B
(ft ^
OH
>
. 0 >
H
• a aaa
o 2"S
a a a o e a
£££££
oooooooo
yr SO "W
ic ic ic ic ic c
i
^
* 99
a ****
•2-23333
CO
»
II
£ CO
o o o e e e
w
•£ °
- c e
C C C C C B
CO
OH
*"* ^^
8-
Z
2^
yt
w
OH'
«"T"T ."0
S S 2 2 2*2 2 2
K
E
K
Q
s
o
y
ft< ^ E fie. O
IJIjJilj
Q
D
ddadd
EEEEE
> ^
O
O
g
OOOOO
OOOOO
a
g
•E
^
O
0
1
jjg.
W
>- e
° o
te
"a
•o ""S"
PH
0 C
u
u • >/S -^
s
>*-C m^_e
•
"3"
rt* ^ •- ^"n
j=
qj*p. ^ ci.
O'--
•^"H-o— g |
o
"S'TS-O a£
~>^
|.§ ^g|^
0
^}
Q
JJ^M
_rt rt
** (^ 4-1 nW Cfl
o
^*o« 2
'H.'o.
-- °*2-il a
Ic
3
h
O
ll|ll
. § >
>Ecc
1
w
-
a oiia
_»,-«»,
32
a 9 a 9 9 9
1C 1C 1C 'C 1C 1C
999999
w
>
H
INDICA'
«4|^2
e « = « 'S
22*23
ic +* «
5
ljfif|
S
\z
•BdB«B«B
« « 3 CS 0)
<a E~ e c
99999999
•— -« >•• -— -•« •— 'M - —
1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C
59999999
•V •** ** -*^ •** *• **
" '«* '"S
«" E«,?,C
0.0.0.0.0.
EEEEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
68
CREER
•3}3 -Dja '3A31J
'aAaijaq ABUI JO -paAa-.pq -to -aq pjnoqs ^o
'aAanaq^qs^
believed.
u ^
S i 1 S3 "S 1
BELIEVE
PARTICIPLE; creido,
Q 1 I ^Misllil 'i' I I
•^ ?:-2^:5-5:3--=^^ s; •? % -0-°
0 g *„ It ^SIH-a u^j^T3S2 [? g-d^-aTsgC
« OtUOSJuSSk. -^^-73 CT3^-"= 0 S-OVeuOKcUtuO
2 u= > c 5 >a c ^ T3 o- c-=2 5= ^ us > a $ >£ a
>O«O.Sl>(uo Vi--"3O3g_cO ^2 >««O.Sil^;o
Esiiii^ii: liiiiutl iiiipits
5 | ~A* ll *£ 1: ~"A* It g !: S?ll It !£ 1
^ x j= x: j= js ja S S ^ js J= x .e j= j= x .3 "vj js j: j: .c js Ja J= J3
3 «••«*•«'*' — — *• v^««-«--«- >;«««*.««««
>-> TS
« < b
!= s •£«
S S
^3
u v. u u
3 us > o S >-.-: c
™ >usyo'Mi^ajO
It "3 sja b-^Xi >>3
-° 2 <u o S »)^ o
i-c •£ js >, S >,-5 >.
(-3,a 'qSnoipie
w <; J
l;H r *•
s
O
w
o e
§w
t-i
At
en_ b2b222b2 te«intfl«wwtA
caSsesaSsa SS^"'^^^?, ?,t\:l S"? ?, S, S.
S S ? ?'?. ^. S ^
p^
1>VDUU1>1>1> D i' t> u 1)' D' li 1)' j/^^/^'jy*^'^^
bbbbbbbb
W
bb
wuuuuuuu
w
I
> >: > >' ^ >'
> ^
o
JO
•oja 'anbunt 'seaj
P3
W
a
O
•3
g
-uaiui 'opuena 'is
PH
M
rT"]
2
I
fr*
M
u
^*
H
U
w
H
w
EC
Q.
I-)
H
S
u
b
w
H
O
<
£
H
O
fc
•3A3I
—
H
X
-aq oj pasn *io
O
fti
'2
c
^
•>
»•—>
.a
0
V
3 M
— fcjO
u
•
-^
^ rt -~
>
Jo
o
* I 1 1 « vim i s 1 1
.S 13
M
M
[TIVE: creer,
> *«« S ^ <-S|l I'i'il £ 4 1 1 T!-5
r a-S"-^. ^2 VlS^u'SlJg 5» ^^-S-o^ls
H ^^-«cuo«tu5o «.a wTS O^ S « S kN-d-K'uS«uSo
3 <£ if! III! § S'lKSeiis *1*|8iH8
y ^.ai^-S-cU^xixi S BS^J=uS3?x! g .a^^^TJ^-o-"
Q .So-^tJ-0^ i 1 "* 1 « * 5*1 ^ 1 1-25 !„ * frl
g £|j||g,ll 'IjMlJR £JJMC|R
g i^$r%^«n
f ^-^^ S^^-S S
l^!-* §=;?=§
s Sf^j: «s -SJ3
2
v
in
|
§ o -i.255
_ l«e. . E.2ne 5^^2^|£
O
en E.«ce
oeutBtBcu:£«5 -2 .S .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 ._.2"S'?.E.2 US.
1>1>V4>UVD1> ucU4>VU4>4)4) 4Jl>U'3/Dlil/4/
8SSSSSSS
uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu
uvuuuyuy
> >' > ^' >' t
> bi
CREEK
69
__-_-_
uuuuuuuu
oooooooo
os ea os s a a
aphy does not permit unaccented
derived from third person plural
ido crefdo, having belived.
Q
ave 0r may have believed, etc.
hould have or had believed, etc.
ad or should have believed, etc.
ave or shall have believed, etc.
liould have or had believed, etc
K yj
V
O
»<M H9 (fl •£ 'J.
||
!£
O
•s.
rt rt rt rt rt
^ e
o ~
£
o o
M
— — _ —
§ „§
~ .>
H
0 0 0 *
H
p
||
me not believe
him not believe
ieve not, your h
us not believe
them not believ
ieve not, your h
3 =
.a =
.5 *"
O ""
PARTICIPL
SUBJUNCTI
4) 6" O 0 •*
•O i. b u h •£
•jj O u y 0 "
R • 9 9 fl O
u C * E u-o
- .2 .22 .2 i 'S
11
1) "S^ £ OJJJ
H
>>S S Z Z *-
« 3 3 3 3 °
£
.- rt^
M
«
(^
« "^
tfl
x"v^-v
Q
VI t^
B
W
c c
2
•
>' 1
&"E.
Ci
C ^0
M
g:S
eg « a 9 a 9
11
w
a
a
HS
[RMATI
O 0
B B
000000
B B E C B C
r— -
rt ^
II
w
Z
POUN
" g E 3 0
^
"as
Q
O
ESEEE
'C X
Z
CJ
OOOOO
Q"
4J CJ
D
OOOOO
O
— a
0
o
°1
1
*
in
•M ^,
O
M
0 C
•^.•s
u
T3
c c
0 J) 0
h
^_^
4) ^ -* ~
c'-u
'o
f CJ ^
Bl
3
O O~
.«;= = |H 1
rt
*
a .If 1
CL
s-vi;
j3.a ^"S"^ x
"u ^
2
"•§^ |a
5
II
s J J =1.1
'5 aT^
o
Ifl^i
jjjlj
jjJsSjijO
b-i-Tj
o
w.2 J >J
"•• i- a;
lySJ
'S
•f2x|s
91 •>
• O ^
2 ='=•
u
Q
«"« o J
^
>EEC
"-" i s
u
D
O
•=~~£ <n
U 4>
W V (4
A
O
bb
U i. £ £ i> £
'5 ixg
a
S
o • u a
C.S >
£
H
«•§ °'-oS
.£ ,••-
H
<
* JJ S u *•
Wo 2
.S S M
•o o =
5
a
H
2«ull
c > 5
« o"S
i
X
U 3 3 "a 15
U = JJ
a
u
1 l^"1
5
Q .
. *J .
o
en j^'JJ ^"^
E -^ ^
S
h g « 3 o
O-B'C
S
On-,ft<friO
P
o
aao.c.a
^
EE EES
si
OOOOO
70
COXTIXUAR
w
p
2
a
c
z
g
o
u
CO
H
3 2 C 2 2 2 ^ »»««««*« aaoa.aaaa
• •••••4)«S 3333'33aa ««««•««««
•S-s^-a 3 3'S-S 33333333 33333333
EEEEBBBE EEEEEEEB BEBBEEBB
EECEEBEC CEBBBEBE
______^_ ooooocoo oooooooo
uOuuuuou Ouu^uuoO uuuuuutju
o
o
w 1
U 3
CO 3
2 f
§
W ~
H P
y
w J
a
II
•Dja 'anbune 'SBJJ
-oaiui 'opucro 'is
H
n E^EE ££££££££
009888-8098 33 = 3-333
E «a-a-«^ 3 3-a*s 33333333
2 EBBEEEEE EEEEEBEE
EE'EE E'EE c EEE E E BEE
oooooooo oooooooo
UUUUUUUU OOUOOOUO
CONTINUAR
,™»«»~ 1 1 S S 1
psnuuuoD AO
r v. _ _ k.
j= M
71
-1
V
1 1 J
•5 u-a = u 22
jlllllll
having continued.
•, to empty.
•, to vary.
i first, second and
icrative. These ch
Spaniards pronoun
etc.
'ional (Antecedent)
§2 8 ^ ° o^ 2
o
co
K
•S >•
)t continue
ot continue
not, your honor
t continue
not continue
not, your honors
habiendo continuado,
9 * « * * 33
a u u "§"§
v> u * 0 » ,;
§ . -a TS •« g a
^ • 1 1 1 So" J
^ E E 1 E fig *
S «i 1 I 1 k i -S
-53 c u u « §£ .S^
§ S g 8 £ 2| o!
•^ es .2 2 .- .2 S . «
s the tonic accent, viz., it
spending forms of the imp
«-S
J3-C,
»s
3 "•»
n -
go
-C u
f'l
u«S
*H<t3
.13
in
•uuE^BB
1
33333333
BSEBBBBC
H
ntinue
ntinue
2 c a) o - u
Silsil
all 8«|
*j 4-1 ^ *j *j **
W
"a1 >» 3 3 2 Z
r» ff a a a a
^ js j: s js *
32
si
Z t
o> o
"~~ ^
B E C~C E B E B
OOOOOOOO
p
o o
5
I ?
MM
~J
« £
u u u u u u u ^
i
s t
H
0 ^
«i; o
S-o
> a
'S J
. o >
•j a
^ >
p
•
««>lgs
?
2 "S
".o
oooooooo
o
<n E .2 E E
2
H
'« 3
B B
E E B E B E
C/3
u
2
H
Z
:7)
p i i s 1
£ S 5 h o
b Si
1 I
« X
g „
^.5,
^ 3
|!
B E
O 0
E B C B B E
O O O O O O
33333333
BEBBBBEE
.VNHIJ
O 0
B B
o o o o o o
B B B B E B
W
H
W
al
04
a o. o. o. a
E E E E E
00000
U U U U U
2! o.
S jj
IB
i§
Il
EEBBBBEC
B
Q
=H'
•$ o'S.
u
"rt 0
OOOOOOOO
^«
"
•** x
g 0)
u >
_
Q
0
O
u
•~ a °
4) 2
^ ^
0
a,
o
« 3,;
1)13
•£ ^
j
o
w
S
u H "
J= C
** «
r u
.-
*
0 O
C C
o
0
7
•B^.'S
a u'a
'_ ' *
S u
"5
% V V
>
y pG 3 —
3
"S ii ^ 3 .s
<o
4-t U
tj i>
Jg>
5 C 3 3'S 3
.5— 0 C C 0
3
. u '•£ .S B
"S -a 8 g 8
3 V " p •*
11
•§ »
2*
'
g § ^ '§ u ^
•*
c H-o ° >
^
^ -C
S
3 3
S.2
Sjilll
>
•n.S 2 g (5
J
?S u
«^
2
"o.
•^ —
'c S
= - - c
B
0 0
^5 8 S3 8
**
>-a g*n o
0
§ 0
•S"2
u
o
U 3
C
.S £
C9
"~" S
- M
£•3
Cjj
0 1 I
^
uu^ggg
e
•X. 0 ' " ^
*1 O
'5 »•
"S^i
U °
03 08
^u
^ U *" W
tQ •
<u 2
s* o
•fl UTS 3 <u g2
|2
E E B B E B
o
t^ u • • O
^ "S ® o ® "^
2 *
K 3
J 1
3 O C *3 C '^ Q
« *Tj
'^ ' ~" ' "" ' ~ *3 '^
u
y ">
03
* ^O
"xT
O'Cu^-3-o^
Si
u u
B C B E C B
0 0 O O 0 0
U U U U U U
-
£
111*11
•85
jl
11
|,
•O'S'HS c-g^"^ c
a
1 iiiil
~ a
-2 v
s
^
§ * 2*-g | ^"^
W
"I "E * 5 u a
j
=7=
«.* §
c
"I^S°S4>-flS.
Z*
S -~ s u *"
'«
"e v
""^ c
>— •
to
H
U C9 3 S «
•o
te •
"•S
"•£ °
c H
o S
s:
CA E .— E E
HH
0 S
<u rt
c y
2.2.2.2.3.2-3-3
fe
U
> C
c <= c
O,'— i c
1
33333333
-
Q
n -*j ."O
. o
k **
ea .
1 -3
e
BBBEEBBB
-'
8 g « a o
i-
s «.
O »
tol
BECCCCBE
OOOOOOOO
c
aa aaa
8t!
O
• *
^' >
E ESES
o o o o o
V
- 0
> >
OOOOO
a
2 *
72
ESTAR
•D}3 'aq XEUI -
•3)3
'aq pjnoqs
1
•
•
0
Oc e
V O u O
•° O-*5 « „*•=
•^^"§2 §?2l c
^ s; g «> o 4, ,«
55 oJ o u fe -^
H
<r o 3^ S fO •** i5
ti ;-; ^ Ui *S to *^ >> fa
"^ SJ3^i*^>»b c C
rf\
H
^Suo^ojSo
^SajQWjj^O'
^^ * 2 ttJ O u ox ° V r _Q^
e
H)
04
O
C *^1«1««^<«f»«rt
liiiiilii
\j ,c5io>1).c?
x 9439^3 «*W7i -^ — ^ _z >, ;> ^ — . x
C/^ ^J y y
II
s
2 ^
^
fs -3JS 'qSnoipic
u
04
<—>
1
^ ^iqM 4u3qM *ji
Jj
•ij 91
'**«
^0 0
H
cn
CH
IB
^* ft fc •— C C (A C •— C C
K> 4>4^VOVV4>4) ^)4)^4>4>4>4>4>
^ X X X t/l C/3 X V, X 8 "* .S U « S
«5*«ll55
33333333
SS3333SS 33333323
c£
xt! x x x x x x
to to "S "5 to tn to »
'to'wcft'S'wInaj*) wtntowlfttficftto
W
> ^'
>
> >' > £
^
to
y y
>"
•DJ3 i9TlbunC 'SBJJ
Pi
-U31LU 'opueno Ms
E Z
°* u
r« ^
O
0
o
•aq oj pasn
o
u
£ h 2s
P
...
O O »^ *•» C CJ O v__x *j O 4) O CJ W
£ 2U 2 I ^ fvJ"^!^ I alS S I ^ '^ ^f -
k^ ^
E.£ce £«
o-ea-ea-M ea-a-e-ea
u o u o o
>'£ * *"'>">"> -«-«•«-
33333333
E C E
E.i c e
U-K-S-CS
ESTAR
73
I should be
thou shoulds
he should be
your honor s
we should b
ye should be
they should
your honors
* .2 cc
8 a a V V V a W
B • • 9 B V •
ajaaa-aaaa
'> '> '£ '> '> '> '> '£
33333333
oooooooo
in
•y, 1.2 nn
22222222
e
„, on 4) ?^3 U'
J£ "O ^ t- ^ .
^|2g-92'
1^1- Jl
| 0
C u%
Of _c 5
.TICIPLE : habiendo estado, having been.
UNCTIVE MOOD
tado, etc. that I have or may have been, etc.
estado, etc. that I should have or had been, etc.
estado, etc. that I had or should have been, etc.
estado, etc. that I have or shall have been, etc.
or hubiese
), etc. that I should have or had been, etc.
•
CJ _Q - oj """
K
1 — i
t" «i a a e8 «z
•0
4l
> f~
< Si
llHIl
§~^2s£>
||| i||
<
OH
H
|3
cn
_ a a a a s
>,'.£ Z S Z «
03 3 3 3 3 "
I
2
B JJ
IS OJ S «S 4) S
a
"E?
|
*
w
Is
15
Q
* >
OH
***"
•a
01
G9
Q
M"N
t 2
H ."'o
•u -a -a a -a -a
W
^
w o-(i<4j'2
S «
H a a
tn « « m w tn
C/}
2
&
" g £ 3 o
a -
E • B
S OS
£ B e
o e e o o e
B B B B B E
W
H
GH
v -£ o
c.o.aaa
EESEE
h
Q
Z
U
o o o o o
ooooo
|s*|
O
o
o
D
O
IX
•a c'o-S
i§ Ms
2 °
o
M .2 J^ M^
w ,, § s §
o
o''*"'l ^'° M
i— o
JJ.Q t u - i.
C
•
"** »J ° °-c
<! j:'"'
e 3 ,12 £ 3
£.£ £ »> i o
-w CJ "oj
pts||
r^ -^-- •
C j^ S ~
u
- v c"
| JSJ5
SSfSSi'
>
n
j=
0
C ' c>
o . Si S «
^i^jst
."•g „ >
lijlll
c - ts « a
• • 8 >
O
Jc j: > j:
0) rt
~T3 PrS -C-o
•o
§aa
•a
Ui-i^-O
«-C^='=
>•« £15 o
llllil
in in
a a
tn tn tn tn tn ft
a a a a a a
a
L.
&&%*•*
C •• ^ O P ft
a
—
o
**» CJ to " S
•° u « aj w
«
c
• d
^ u *• w
0-° S Q.'HvS'
^
O gj ^ •>
^ "^ £*^o " rt
H
>
H
>
S|o||
1=«2 S.8
0? 'S 3 '3 <-. O
H
S
H
<
CJ
ls|ls
.t s|s gs
c £ S— S^
a « «S &»
t«
MJ3 t) « „, O,
g
Q
Z
a cs 3 « a
a^ll
•S°|-£i§ S.
E.SBB
wuiwtnntnt
aaaaa
EEEEE
o o o o o
UUUUU
74 ESTAR COMIENDO
•Dja '2ui
•3ja '3m
•oja 'Sui
-jca aq Aeui .«?
•8UUBa 3J3M JO
•}Ba aq p|noqs ^o
-jea aq ueqs u<7
O
M
A
?
fc
1
1— 1
V
bfl
H
0
o -2
<
'•g e«
M
be v
*
0
•o
ff .2
.2 w bo S
rt W13 M bt-S-rt
"1 2
H
c? 2
W
Q>
'« *
tow c2.2 c'^-^
V
*a M
be w bo ^
« j
p
U
0
Q c" J! M c"-^
•jHJi-8'3
^>
taj'3 c5 j _c c1- *
M _^ M^
0
u
8 sllllffi
/g"jg!2'a g^-°rS §
*^
•^
•a*'So«5uo
g>'«.l*o-2.^'5 I
H
•i
^ ^3 O2 C — 2 § c
.S
JJ«5U§U4)l"§
n
a
•M
S g.c u.e Jj <u jj J2
t^ "a"S ox S o-S-a
S
S 3 £"S | % It
B_2 UJ " «_£,§
II
tn
5
y u gji) 3-°^ Xij
v, ^ 3"« 3 """5 >>3
•«
u 3^ 3-°^ Xt
O
^ v* ~ ^ u o S£ *^ jz o
.2 J^|^ x? xl >.
5;
2
wSx x> >,•£ x
•M -° 2 u o u u S o
v M *C tfl x ? x« x
u 5 ]5 2 325 525
s^ _«_«_«_«_«_«_«_«
_g _g _g _g jS _« _g _g
"a "^ — T^ '
W
?
§^---
^ --------
^
a-a «
^ 'aii^'uaqM^i
i— i
H
B
tr
1
in
«
o
O
u
H
CO
icing eating. PA
w
o
•o
11 BE g|||
g1 "8
C c o o o
N e^eo4i1215'o
•o swo s S = c
e g n e g.2J.JJ «
lii^Siii
Isilsssl
«««"E.2ce
22222222
S
tse comiendo
ises comiendo
:se comiendo
:se comiendo
bsemos comiendi
iseis comiendo
isen comiendo
•sen comiendo
glMiiii
Ig1|E|g§
^e~~ wE'i'S
•!lB«§Sa
oSooouoo
««SUE»ec
VUKDUVUU
1-1.I-U1.1.U1.
•u
^J ~ .JJ .2 ~ — ~ .2
•r •- •- •- •-
'>'>'>'>'>'>'>'>
C/3
w
•5
° w ° ° E.2 e B
33333333
33333333
33333333
w
V
v: vi v) vi in in » vi
t« w in in in in in v)
oaininvitnviinvi
wtevitnvitntnv!
Z
E
*
H
3
> ^
> >
•" ^
>- >
r^fi
U
e
^^
H
•a
*
^^
j
e
*3)3 3ii bum: suj j
—
C/)
rT)
s
1
*
-udiui 'opireno'is
W w -
P4 N
8 2
PH JH sq oj pasn .
a
ffi
H
Z o> O
*,-/ ^ ,-*. •*«*•.— — v^^^ u)*"rt^"(UW'"'' — ' '^^ « **
y C-iUJ*-|rtJ3»^I- rt3^t'H^lttfc.^' «t rt ^
^ o 5 b?.^-irart?r»3 Ks^ja^^r'fl.^.SS
HH ** ^
H o" H
<3 ^ >
O Jp
^ s H
H-, O U
g " s
O 5 Z
U
r-UO**QJr'O
,i
„
•£ £ x %• x-S x
1-,-S.a x?
X'f X
v
w
•SJs >
/>
x-5 x
$
<:
g
>*
y comiendo
s comiendo
comiendo
comiendo
mos comiendo
is comiendo'
n comiendo
n comiendo
|
ba comiendo
bas comiendo
ba comiendo
ba comiendo
bamos comiendo
bais comiendo
ban comiendo
ban comiendo
/^j/ Z)^/f«i
ve comiendo
viste comiendo
vo comiendo
vo comiendo
vimos comiendo
visteis comiendo
vieron comiendo
vieron comiendo
1
re 'comiendo
ras comiendo
ra comiendo
ra comiendo
remos comiendo
reis comiendo
ran comiendo
ran comiendo
1-3-33 3 3 -a -a
a
3 3 3 3 " 3 3
33333
333
a
333
a
a co at
tntntntnmtnviv!
w
in in in tn m in v)
tn in v) in tn
« V u u V
in » in
l> il U
in
sssssss
ESTAR COMIENDG
75
P3U1)E3 3J3AI ^O
" -s
« (
>
S
•
•a
n
« 5-2'i; **
be eating
aldst be eating
1 be eating
or should be eating
1 be eating
1 be eating
ild be eating
ors should be eating
», having been eating
: I have or may h
been eating, etc.
1 1 should have or h
been eating, etc.
t I had or should h
been eating, etc.
: I have or shall h
«2 c3
U 3 t)
S-« g
i English, and expres
, to be. We should i
ugation, estar has qi
absent-minded; segti
ing; quedar, verse:
i
jS
a
1
n
lliJiilJ
•o
e
j
.J
u
'"- 11 Si
£2
u
vditional {Antecedent)
"»_§ u § *> V S 0
HH •£ j= >, ^ x-5 >»
H
be (thou) not eating
be (ye) not eating
let me not be eating
let him not be eating
be not eating, your hono
let us not be eating
let them not be eating
f. be not eating, your hono
. : habiendo estado com:
5JUNCTIVE MOOD
ya estado comiendo, etc
liera estado comiendo,
biese estado comiendo,
biere estado comiendo.
>iera or hublese estado
comiendo, etc.
ilation of the progressive fo
to go; venir, to come; or i
sed to form the progressive
inda muy distratdo, he is
ndo, I found myself (I was]
opuaiuioa
o
aaaaa'aaa
••••*•••
aaaa-aaaa
^
!
»•§
1«
«2
9 C
>"° **
o e o .2 "V -a
T3-S-3 = C C
e n s |_a_a
'ARTIC
— i
a
3
£
I
3
"i"
^0
3
JS
3
c C 3 -3
s 'rja"§
X X X X X X X X
aaaaaaaa
>
I!
E E E <n o o
o o o « ° u
w
m
H
i?
•3
3 b'JI^J
« SJ.2 « v *
oooooooo
(0
o
w.2
° u ° E c c
a
n
b
b
^j
Q
w _S;2 « «
*»*s
-a -a 'a a -a -a
w
u
g
g
3
O
22222222
2 «
a a a a a a
Z
a
^
0.
b
o
\ M'~lt-
•>^^~'>~^'>
0 0
c e
e e o o o o
c e c c c c
H
°!
b
O<
—
E
b
E
b
•O "5 O U *<U *5
33333333
,
Q
2
s
o
0
O
0
0
0
0
O
« ~s«°2
> i
Q"
0
1* W
O O
D
O
0,
O
-
G . — O ^ ^ **
•z
S
c q
J2 Mj5
S
0
ti
c
M
^Q
\
s
1
I f| J v^.
C u
.B'S 3 c n 3
o
ii
c
rS
U
*
2"^
cj.0 o
°- v ° S"VS
"— c
- « O-S v O
•a
V
U
M **
3ERAT1
s s
x-~ 4)
||
rt u *S x
•fto'if
62 S 3-5 S
: been eat
ave been
o-o ;
UT3 '
n
rt
J3
p.
II
o « SS-s'y'o
c Ja|sx-
B •£
'« *
3
.0.0
.S.S.S.S.2.S
V
>
U
-=
ua
J
w
M
2 '* gf C |
be u **
.5 " M.S
^
0
0
~\ > o.S S^
a ir
..
J
y
^
V
n-113 S U « . "*!
S
|
I should be eating
thou wouldst be ea
he would be eating
your honor would
O we should be eatin!
ye would be eating
they would be eatu
your honors would
esta comiendo
estad comiendo
este comiendo
este comiendo
este comiendo V.
estemos comiend
esten comiendo
esten comiendo A
r estado comiendo
ICATIVE MOOD
do comiendo, etc.
stado comiendo, et
itado comiendo, et
stado comiendo, e
estado comiendo,
irticiple of a verb usei
tinuing and unfinishe
estar is not used, ho
', etc. When used to
quivalents whose me
g. siguid hablando ;
If (he was) dying ; se
•^vk
•a
V
q
3
V
i)
v
O. ^ 4T^! U ^ W
Q
S
o
;«
o e ® o o
o-S * o.i^-a'o
A
a
-2
ce
^
3
•£
A
£
2
|as|pl
"^
«
r*
||||gi|l
g
fe
*
£
u
*
JS
iSlllgj
sj
°»00E.2eB
Q
*o
H^ M> 3 ^ <4"
.2.2.2 * 2 M a. 2
1-1
oi
u
c.
tn
•M
c
1 •*• " «>- «"§
33333333
cu
g
£
CO
0,
h
o
o
. o o, o 0^5 S
w c x c ». ..-X
aaaaaaaa
o
b
a
b
b
b
>S '§ ,9 S -e ° s
u
E
E
E
E
e
S = &^
> S*
o
0
0
0
o
x ^ c ".-§
••*
0
O
u
U
0
PRONOMINAL VERBS
PRONOMINAL VERBS
116. Pronominal verbs are those which have an objective
pronoun that represents the same person or thing as the subject
of the verb ; this objective pronoun may be direct object
(accusative) or indirect object (dative).
Pronominal verbs are subdivided into two classes : reflexive
verbs and reciprocal verbs.
117. Reflexive verbs are those in .which the action takes
place upon the subject, either as direct or as indirect object ;
hence any transitive verb may assume the reflexive form. If
the person is naturally the direct object, the object pronoun is
in the accusative case ; if the person is naturally the indirect
object, the object pronoun is in the dative case. But both
these reflexive object pronoun forms are identical in the dative
and the accusative, as will be seen from the following :
I myself (or to myself)
Thou thyself (or to thyself) .
He, her, your honor himself or herself
(or to himself or herself).
We ourselves (or to ourselves) .
Ye yourselves (or to yourselves) .
They, your honors themselves (or to
themselves) .
118. Reciprocal verbs are those in which the action takes
place between two or among a number of persons ; hence the
verb is always in the plural, and the object pronouns (identical
in form with the plural reflexive objective pronouns, nos, os,
se} are to be translated each other if the action be of one per-
son on another, and one another if more than two are con-
cerned.
Position of the Object Pronouns
119. The position of the object pronouns is the same as
that of ordinary object pronouns.
Nominative
Accusative
and Dative
yo
me
tu
te
el,ella, V.
se
nosotros -as
nos
vosotros -as
OS
ellos, ellas, VV.
se
PRONOMINAL VERBS
77
120. In the infinitive, present participle, and imperative
affirmative, the object pronouns stand after the verb, and are
joined to it so as to form one word, the graphic accent being
used when necessary to maintain the original pronunciation of
the verb. Example : Comerlo, comiendolo , comalo V. ; lavarse
lavdndose, Idvese V.
When the object pronouns are thus placed after the verb, d
in the second person plural of the imperative affirmative is
elided for euphony (except in the verb ir, which makes idos,
go away), as is also the s in the first person plural im-
perative affirmative ; thus lavados becomes lavaos, wash
yourselves, and lavdmosnos becomes lavdmonos, let us wash
ourselves.
To Distinguish between Reflexive and Reciprocal Use
121. In the three persons plural, to show that a verb is used
reflexively and not reciprocally ; and in the three persons sin-
gular, to indicate emphasis or contrast, the pleonastic prepo-
sitional form of the object pronoun preceded by d is added to
the verb, and may be strengthened by using mismo or propio,
equivalent to the English own, or very ; so that the full dis-
tinctive reflexive or emphatic construction would be (observe
the order with reference to the verb in sentence) :
Accusative
Nominative and Dative Verb
yo me "
tu te "
el, ella, V, se "
nosotros -as nos "
vosotros -as os "
ellos, ellas, VV. se "
Prepositional form with d strength-
ened by mismo -a, propio -a
d mi mismo -a (propio -a), my
own self or to my own self.
d ti mismo -a (propio -a), thy
own self or to thy own self.
a si mismo -a (propio- a),
a nosotros mismos -as (propios
-as).
d rosotros mismos -as (propios
-as),
d si mismos -as (propios -as}.
78 PRONOMINAL VERBS
Yo me lavo a mi mismo, I wash my own self.
Ellas se lavan d si mis mas, they wash their very selves.
This pleonastic construction, be it understood, may also be
used without mismo -a, propio -a. In this case the equivalent
English emphasis would be,
Yo me lavo a, mi, I wash myself.
122. In the three persons plural, to show that the verb is
used reciprocally and not reflexively, the appropriate forms,
uno . . . otro, una . . . otra, unos . . . otros, unas . . . otras, or
el uno . . . el otro, la una . . . la otra, los unos . . . los otros,
las unas . . . las otras, meaning each other, one another, must
be employed.
Ellas se lavan d si mismas, they wash themselves ; but
Ellas se lavan las unas d las otras, they wash one another.
123. Besides the class of verbs temporarily used as reflexive
verbs, there is a large class of permanent or essential reflexive
verbs — verbs that have the reflexive form only.
To make the student familiar with this important subject, we
shall give :
1. The conjugation of a temporary reflexive verb, with the
pronoun object in the accusative case (Javarse}.
2. The conjugation of a temporary reflexive verb, with the
pronoun object in the dative case (permitirse).
3. The conjugation of a permanent reflexive verb (ale-
grarse).
4. The conjugation of the impersonal substitute for the
personal forms of a permanent reflexive verb (jalcgrarse) .
5. The conjugation of a reciprocal verb (abrazarse).
124. Before proceeding with these conjugations, attention is
invited to the following table of personal pronouns and their
inflections ; to the favorite pleonastic construction ; and to the
important rules for the position of two objective pronouns — all
of great importance in the proper use of reflexive verbs.
Nominative
Dative
Accusative
Prepositional
ist Person
yo
me
me
m{, (conmigo)
2d Person
tu
te
te
tf (contigo)
( Masculine
61
le
le (him), lo (it)
el
3d Person < Feminine
ella
le
la (her, it)
ella
( Neuter
ello
[none]
lo (it)
ello
t p ( Masculine
nosotros
nos
nos
nosotros
on ( Feminine
nosotras
nos
nos
noso tras
j p j Masculine
vosotros
OS
OS
vosotros
erson | Feminine
vosotras
OS
OS
vosotras
3d Person | Femi^iiu^
ellos
ellas
les
les
los
las
ellos
ellas
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 79
PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THEIR INFLECTIONS
Pleonastic construction: ist, dative and prepositional (with a] : le
habla a el, he speaks to him ; 2d, accusative and prepositional (with
a) : la busca a ella, he seeks her.
Plural
Se, reflexive substitute for 3d
person common to both numbers.
Corresponds to English self'm 3d ', , -, •/ • \
person" to distinguish reflexive f tnone] S1 (c°nslS°)
action. He strikes him = an |
other, but he strikes himself. J
Usted should be treated like ) / v /. y A y a con etc V
a noun, invariable except for > < vv * vv' 4 VV A ron etr 'Vv
number, plural ustedes, hence : ) 4> con> etc" V V'
Pleonastic construction for V ....... {les.'.'lvV. lot lasV. A VV.
NOTE. — Concerning the use of le, lo, la, les, los las, the following is the prevailing usage,
as indicated in the foregoing table, although it is well to remember there are others : le (dative) = to
him, to her; les (dative) = to them (masculine and feminine). In the accusative, le = him (only), e. g.,
le veo, I see him (only): la = her (or 'it,' feminine), e. g., I see her, la veo ; I see it (pen), la veo ;
lo — it (masculine or neuter), e. g., I see it (book), lo veo ; I believe it, lo creo ; las = them (persons
or things, feminine), e. g., I see them (women or pens), las veo.
RULES FOR THE POSITION OF TWO OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
125. A verb may have two pronouns as objects, one direct
(accusative), the other indirect (dative). When the direct
object is a pronoun of the third person, they appear together
before the verb (except in the infinitive, present participle, and
imperative affirmative, when they are added to and form one
with the verb, which must have a written accent when necessary
to preserve original tonic accent). The dative precedes the
accusative ; except that se always stands first, whatever be its
case : el me lo da ; ddmelo ; se me escapo ; deselo V.
126. When the direct object is a pronoun of the first or
second person, or is a reflexive pronoun, the accusative stands
before the verb and the dative follows the verb and assumes the
prepositional form (except in the infinitive, present participle
and imperative affirmative, when they are added to the verb,
the accusative preceding the dative : rendeteme tu ; rendiendo-
teme ; renderteme}: te enviaran a mi; me enviardn a ft; me
han dirigido a cl ; se dirije a mi.
127. If both pronouns are of the third person, the dative le,
les, is written se for euphony ; this se must not be confused
with the reflexive se : le lo = sc lo ; le la = se la ; le los = se
los; le las = se las; les lo = se lo, etc. No sc lo permitcn,
they do not permit him (it to him).
80
Zy4 VARSE
•DJ3 'JI3SAUI
qSEA\ AEUI
en
en
W
ffi
en
<
O
H
H
H
W
X
w
W
>
^
U
u
w
ffi
E-1
fc
O
0
O
U
00
N
u ^
o
b
b
5 •
IA fl>
^ CO
•a £
a n
^ *s
> a _
- ' r c
• ^ c
« «
— — " o
(A ~ ' '-T
o w o « 5J »
aS«i
S o « 5 a 2
« « W 0 « * «
I 2 » ! ° ®5J»
a?«:
^ «••*•(
s B o a ;J >
*f >««*5
S
I-
«-£
15.!
l^gBCOcS^ -*r3~~ — — :;•* ^ — »-C— »S'* ^sjtj^^^si
a > > ••03 *5 > ^ ••OS — ' "T" > ••89 -•>•""> ••«•
— • U "" *" ^ C«> u ^ *^ ^ Cu ^) *-•*-' A C4) i> •* •— ^
"^pA^SS'^.' ^t«5Sa* ^ ^ S ^ S 2 S^ • * ^* S ™ 2 2 •_ •
>,3"> c >"> i^-2"> e >7>
Z<4 VAKSE
8l
|-2Se
"3 «» U"S*8J«
«S5> B
oooooooo
s
2tfJ -Cfl i" t U
g e8 2 > * 5 a
- — ^
,i:-u> B c «>
'u
g
pjj
JS 1 u "
. a
"1 c
o
ing washed <
^^1
g 2-3 £
«T3 OT)
f- 4> X 4»
l-H "* ("~
• ~i.
\\
^
•~ _C
0 bT3 >.
« E"s S
rt'S.e'O
Q V^ O
to see one's
ie, to burn o
u C
2 if! 2
>
5
J?«#
2 "
J3 -S
§C
" 01
thou) not thyself
ye) not yourselves
not wash myself
i not wash himself
lot yourself, your hor
lot wasli ourselves
11 not wash themselvi
iot yourselves, your r
biendose lavado, 1
NCTIVE MOOD
0
u
t! 0*
•a
o 5
•" ~
C8 JJ
1 2
u
iese lavado, etc. t
iere lavado, etc. t
iera or hubiese
c.
ve one's self, mirar
s self. quern
^-'x-'
u B v
CO
3
>> -5
A
A £> a
'S u
J3 J3
- '— ^ — — ~z
s
N")
CD 3
3
3 3 .
u c
rt rt
I1 1- nj *- *j rt
—
£ X
£
=. £ 0
-T1 °
iS S
,i JH is JBJJ is
a
ID
V V
U
" u^
o|
H
O
>j
PH
w
E E
£
E E >
— &4
« 2
u
0 0
e
0 0 —
* .
00
^
U
^i
>, ^
u J
O
09 «
tu
vosotr
0
„ Q •
o . 2'S>-
PART
£
^3
•a
IB i-
H
Ss
2
-^ ^ ~
L/5
•^
^^
V.
il'lJ
^.2
a > > es > >
— eg S~ MjS
OT
OT
M
P<
PH
i- C
04 ^
cL
E
. T3
fc O
s >^ —
S "3 %
K 25
<S in
«~~ o~"u
Z
U tA
•W O
0 0
e c
E !B 1ft C « «
o o o o o o
C B C C C C
Q
COMP
& a
E E
o o
O O
D,
E
o
U
a d
E E
o o
O O
j l!
£ > J
2
•^ u «-^
a
a 32
0
uj
_"
>«~
'" " u
0,
"s
"I
1
^ U i>
s
•H cj ^
o
~
"
° u S
S
s
•S i **
"
o
sf^'o
•B
•a
1" 3"^
"" in C
,"
Slj^
U
x
C > ~
2
£>i rt
M
|
O p— "~"
O
£ ^
p
a
y)
UH J- W3 y} 3
•o
v
«
u
^|§li^
a
a
ill
rt
>
Id
J3 3
B •*? * -fl ^
f
« S"
,
T3
28
*• O
M — *7t ~ "^5*a3
^
>T3 S
"^
j O 0
•—* c/]
'3'
rj5 f5 « *£ > 'J>
2
rt rt r- .
- — .
o -^
O'T?
™ S 3 «S a
--11 s
> 83
) (/i W
c —
-S
? ^ o 2 g o
0
I-H
M
S2
x!c
iJj^Si:^
o
Q
C
tj
0
23
rt rt
^, *j (^ ••-' +•* rt
•o
c
*- u
7j
U
• o
2
1
o
1
e
0)
>
_a
o
«
h
U
•8
[CATIVE M
lavado, etc
bia lavado, <
be lavado, e
bre lavado,
bria lavado,
consolarsi
cortarse, t
-3 *
• o ^ ^
*
C
» B 3
2
5
S3
£ '
58
-w> c ^ u
En ii 5 M in
xSBaS
W
X.
ill
E
a
-N
B) 9)
4) W 4) *4) 4) Q
H
O 9 O
e
0
C tfl
.g) a
•«-3 3 a-S-3
>>>>>.
>>
•*>
4> C
S
"u
•§ 2
~7
Q
§
ti -1*
2
tn * *^
•8
o
<u
C
.
i- p rt
3
O
» *-•
&*
A >->• 0<
Ji,
O
4) «
^
2 g
o
add
D,
d
U
EEE
o o o
£
0
E
o
Is
OOO
0
0
BB
82 NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATIONS
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATIONS
(These are the same as those of any verb having objective pronouns.)
129. The negative conjugation of a reflexive or a reciprocal
verb is formed by inserting the adverb no, not, before the object
pronouns in both the simple and the compound tenses. In the
imperative negative the object pronouns stand before the verb.
130. The interrogative and the negative-interrogative con-
jugations occur only in the tenses of the indicative mood.
131. The interrogative conjugation is formed by placing the
subject after the verb in simple tenses, and after the past par-
ticiple in compound tenses ; an inverted question-mark is
placed at the beginning and a direct question-mark at the end
of the expression.
132. The negative-interrogative conjugation is the same as
the interrogative, except that no precedes the object pronoun in
both simple and compound tenses. The following will illus-
trate fully :
SIMPLE TENSES
NEGATIVE CONJUGATION INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
Present Indicative Present Indicative
(yd) no me lavo <; me lavo (yd} ?
.(/«) no te lavas «j te lavas (tu) ?
(el) no se lava <i se lava (el) ?
V. no se lava ^ se lava V. ?
(nosotros) no nos lavamos <; nos lavamos (nosotros') ?
(vosotros) no os lavais <j os lavais (vosotros) ?
(ellos) no se lavan ,; se lavan (ellos) ?
VV. no se lavan ,1 se lavan VV. ?
I do not wash myself, etc. Do I wash myself? etc.
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
Present Indicative
± no me lavo (yd) ?
,3 no te lavas (///) ?
<s no se lava (el) ?
^ no se lava V. ?
I no nos lavamos (nosotros) ?
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATIONS
,1 no os lavais (vosotros) ?
,1 no se lavan (ellos) ?
<; no se lavan VV. ?
Do I not wash myself? etc.
COMPOUND TENSES
NEGATIVE
Present
(yo) no me he lavado
(tu) no te has lavado
(el] no se ha lavado
V. no se ha lavado
(nosotros) no nos hemos lavado
(vosotros} no os habeis lavado
(ellos) no se ban lavado
VV. no se han lavado
CONJUGATION
Indicative
I have not washed myself
Thou hast not washed thyself
He has not washed himself
Your honor has not washed himself
We have not washed ourselves
Ye have not washed yourselves
They have not washed themselves
Your honors have not washed them-
selves
<; me he lavado (yo) ?
I te has lavado (/«)?
<j se ha lavado (el) ?
<; se ha lavado V. ?
i nos hemos lavado (nosotros) ?
<i os habeis lavado (vosotros)
t se han lavado (ellos) ?
<i se han lavado VV. ?
INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
Present Indicative
Have I washed myself?
Hast thou washed thyself?
Has he washed himself?
Has your honor washed himself?
Have we washed ourselves?
Have ye washed yourselves?
Have they washed themselves?
Have your honors washed them-
selves ?
NEGATIVE- INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION
Present Indicative
I no me he lavado (yo) ?
<[ no te has lavado (///)?
£ no se ha lavado (el) ?
i no se ha lavado V. ?
<i no nos hemos lavado (nosotros) ?
<j no os habe'is lavado (vosotros) ?
<i no se han lavado (ellos) ?
«j no se han lavado VV. ?
Have I not washed myself ?
Hast thou not washed thyself ?
Has he not washed himself?
Has your honor not washed him-
self?
Have we not washed ourselves?
Have ye not washed yourselves?
Have they not washed themselves ?
Have your honors not washed
themselves ?
84
PERMITIRSE
H
x
CO
W
z
c
PH
5
H
* Q
^ O
a. O
H S
25 >
^ U
1 5
c S
'I's
W S 8
(/) W O
tf z 1
S g -S
H H 3
g H E
^o-o.
S S -:
p, S u
~ S
v! *"
^ s
VI M
XJ
•3J3 'j;asAiu
•DJ3 'jps
•D}3 '][3SAU1
•3J3 'JJ3SXUI
)IUU3d AEUJ JO
-Xtn psjjiuijsd ^o
i;uu3d pjnoqs Jo
jiuiaad IIEIJS M>
_>
>_ "«
1 E
V
>
t
C U 01
E «.e
a -s «^;-
a H
S «
S .§
Sj|»|l|||
2 « v
J £•§
i
S «.s
•S a, M^ *•
^^ ^- r) 0> 4J •»-•
"oj **- .ti >^ m p
tiji-il'l
Ip2||||
Jhllj gl
1 ,|
js*T'«E«!2»j«3
^^.•KagoEgj;^
S ^"G "~ oj O S.TJ W
^ — 2 w"ai *;
^"En^S-3^
S g-Ku^Su^
k E « ~ cL-r, i? « *
"Tl U-* -ti > « ^ * '
E '5 11 o .«; ^T'g o
!^ 0 2 — i. " O<2 •"
;? -0=^ fel3l 2
S I-S g--5 E g
a||1||||
•| B'S § §1 i|
5fliliill
!*M g | i,s e
M S"2 « ^2l
l-SjIlstli
1 S-o^g u £*2g
j; -| |l |1| 1 1
i— i ^ ^ >> S >\^ >>
^i — — -= >, S >,~ ^
C/"i HH "5 ȣ >1 ^ >->"*3 >\
3 £ aj *^ u u "^' "*
•S 5 •= •£ £ 5 -5 •=
'>>
^ •S55-555-5-5
^«--= >-^ £->•
v
^
'anij.si 'USIJAV '}t
s
S
§ 1
§ i
•
e £
me permita
te permitas
se permita
V. se permita
nos permitamos
os permitais
se permitan
VV. se permitan
me permitiera
te permitieras
se permitiera
V. se permitiera
nos permitieram
os permitierais
se permitieran
VV. se permitiei
me permitiese
te permitieses
se permitiese
V. se permitiese
nos permitiesem
os permitieseis
se permitiesen
VV. se permitiei
' me permitiere
te permitieres
se permitiere
V. se permitiere
nos permitierem
os permitiereis
se permitieren
VV. se permitiei
•|
v
•D}3 'snbunc 'sun
>i
-aaiui 'opueno 'is
E
bo
c
•?ja 'jpsXm JHU
-jsd oj pssn ^0
•;
id
O
E ^ £
ii
a
O
S"u .2 "^
j"
S
& >. "^ » g— ^
3
s
o
b]
"S 3^^-U-l |1
y
>
-H
o
r!
ICATIV
Illl II PS-
^?Srl-li
S— i
=38.
Q
S-3 gj= fe £ AJZ
<:
z
S.O ^^ £<^1u'=5
a
2
«5^ >^S >>5 x
«E
«llls^ll^3jlls^ll ^IJliE,ll
.2 ^,S S
.2 E 5
||l|l||!
PERMITIRSE
pajjiuuad
~ ft
0
"3 n u-^ j>
M a M
H
» we
£ £ «
^ 2 M > -
&=-s llll
rmitted
Q £"-0 g1^ 1"" £ts £
Illlllllll
^"£
^ K c
to one's
s self.
.-£"3 £•«$££
<-^4->(A^ P h 4* U
e
S. « "| « "s ,_, 's _ 'E « s * *u S s= c "§
H*-1* 125
a ^ a, v. P> a/o 2
Hi
V j>
o \
§ .-=
•^ u :
7 >.
*%<?%*
bo
e
1
o*
MOOD
rt O.(3 O-rt &«
•5 -S •£ •£
0 0 O O
2222
0 " Q.
4>
•
C^. 5)
O C "-
sal
•§!&..
to represe
iubmit to o
^
sjl el-si §
•*-• 3
-M O
— "HJ >^> £ "
U f 11-
E
W
SEES
U U L. i.
~
IS j
^^ "^ 2 •
C 4T -
•" « u
|S.
Is
1
x a* 5"§-§ j-s
1.-
s|l|i
a
S
u
4) 4) 4) 4)
a a a a
" «
sail
e£
i
55
a 4) «
a 2
v»
v
u
£ £ ^ £ o,^1
4) '
a k v> k
U <J
*J 3 _
4)^>
!
"s i
§s-
^^ o
f-S1'! 0.0 S
S ifs is
0
•a
c
12
oa
CQ
j: o 3 6 3 o 3
••§§
U 3 I]
«* a
£££•
aaa
aE
v e
u in
"5
« E w .«
H
S^!
£2gS'£§
a
E E E E
E
.5
iiisiiii
>
h
o o
T3-O
^5-i^^-c
§
•^_4> 4) g*3.J> 4> £
O
tn >!
o
£ £
•
S
e
111 Mill
a
Q
».2
>1 >
9 3 e s
H
1 ^
1
«i • o « i)^"
oooooooo
z
H
H
permita
permita
£ a a *i ^ «
Sal 111
4> U i. J) u u
a4> 4> a4) v
^aa,. aa
w
w
w
2
S
s t t s
OH .5 >-3 fe
•d
c
o
CJ
5s c
1 e
C ,50
21 i
S
4) in
•4-1 O
4> 2
E4> 4) g 4) 4)
tn in C tn tn
w
h
d d d d
E E E E
d
E
%J X 3 yj
.-2 §
a tn « a. 2 e'5
E
0 O
c e
o e o e e e
c c c e c c
Q
S
o o o o
O O O O
o
O
! i=,§
3 3 *^
n E 5
i. a a 5, Jj a a'—
<J
z
O
^ 2 u o 'jj 5 5
~_4* 4> °C '-5 .J) _4> i.
Q
D
o
u
-S .%'&*
o °*
E *e 'e 4* n *E ^
O
£
* > £ o.-
-. *- o
u.EEa^*cCqj
o
*C n "" w*1
3 •«
fc^ 2 C ..
« u »r
^ 4) 4) 4) a 4> v
^5
u-<
•" i^r "C *c
•o
"PS
u a a « w a a^
w
t
u
"s
*^j ^ *-> *j
W5 n tTJ (IN
u
>S«jo3±
e£8>c38>
>
C
o S c
*ij
C
! * I.I
1
. V •
Ssis2'
1"
'Z
<
2 "~~
0
0
•5 -o P.U &
I»i
i c «
i
w
~S >
~ S 3.2: | =»
•Q
£ '| J— "S
IS SSS
«5*.
U E a
£ S
SLJ ^-s s
£-=«-- g.ti >
. ° •
C
11
sag 3-5 g
0
Q
»
S
O.O.
55 S.55 0.
c1
O
c
§
•o
^
•a
?
o"
'•w
«3
tn >
5
•a
4) «
•*- o
qS
•u*"
u ^ S 4) 4)
e 4) 4) e * <"
1 1 *| § a
a a a -a a a
E
4)
a
4)
W
NATIVE
7
E
a
1.
U
a
a
!c
E
u
c.
^
II
EEEEES
U U U h k. U
1
H
«
£
a
r
3
S
4) 4>
4> 4) 4) 4) 4) 4)
a
«
u
e
aa
aaaaaa
£
w
E
E
E
E E
-•
5 a. &. o
E E E E E
00000
o o o o o
3 2-n c E'e
W in ^ OS O 9
CB 03 03 y w o
86 ALEGRARSE
H
CO
O
H
PQ
w
ffi
O
K
O
hH
§
O
o
U
ALEGRARSE
_ 2 2-3 §"3 3 2 §
•Q 3-in oj:_° OMJ3
"^ 2-=^ |,S >,-= £,
9 X
4)B S
a S * e ™
:« Slllllil
•>, U OS 3 U K, J3 3 3
- Kr L. U ^ -^ fc- U
§ «bebea^J btbci)
oooooooo
1 :!
•^ -Tl U *^
1 lsil:f:fi*
I III llll 1
< n
^ O
-S S « 3
1 •Sl-ss||lgi
^ ?,22^bi22'3
i> bdbo^ ^ bobcu
!
o
•o
E JB /» . .a .
^«gl **»»?•
_H O>-I"O-H'O'— I'S1— i'S
, to glory,
to boast.
, to complail
o i
§ u§
«UJ= ^0^3
biendose alegn
E MOOD
•s'^-l "-I **•£ *"^ *
. a a a
4) U U
t; o o o 2
o 2 1 2 1
•g bjt M bjt J=
~ a5.
ice (thou) not
ice (ye) not
y .H u o> "o u
Mlill
iif||f
[CIPLE: ha
BJUNCTIV
•3 2 8 £ 2|
* 1 | 1 |2
a 3 s 33 be
grow calm,
gn to.
)e uneasy.
H
'v S"
^Jllii
H
CO
i i i i i*
05
*"o o
8*0.
h
*• u
9
§ >
PH
1 ?
a
- g >.
H
•2 1
"a "- 5
a
2l
«£g£Sg
^
M
a B e
2
H
*»
"a "3
If be bfjJ be M
CO
t/3
U
S(!
m *"•" ~~- • "O
S g- | s §
nner
1=55
P
u «
p U 0 O cu J>
co
m
£ .5 M £ u
1
<
w
B en tA E (fl w
Q
C. C. C. C. C.
S
M
0 O
B B
O O O O O 9
B B B B B B
H
&
E E E E E
o o o o o
i
s
S
Bu
a
O
U U U U U
*o
^a
<<
z
S
^s
O CO
_•
D
o
8
***«
0
O
A
u
^
S.g
o
m
"«
u *J
s
n
ti
<j . a
i
2 S S
H
0 0
C
u
u
•If if
•|
••s-a
>
0 t> 0
'.&.
'at
- U *O y
c
*S3
MPERAT
Is
a o>
u u
'o'S
;§,•§• ojl^jT !_
u E ^ "" « g
ES-§ 3-5-s
i, to have n
||}{
4)
BgS
IS 8
SgS
« ST:
NH
cu CU
Ji-i. ?5J§ S
o
*> ^'P^s'S
Caa
!> *|0 oj rt O
a c3J=
2 J3 js -£ •*•«
•y> >
be
:S
.8 >
—
Q
•*•§»»
a
C
aoa*
* s
e D ii s * *
8
O
, * 6 •
'a a
5 2 v-SS S
«
3
a o1 -6"^
be be
be be be be be be
•8
H
"'a'S'a 2
o
•V V
. y - ^ • K D - u y
j
® «• 8 B
IM
3 9
a a a a eg a
<
|||||
_e
g*
— a -w-S
111
H
Q
ss^ii
o <- «
HH
-J 3 3 3 3
*^ 4>
^
4) O o
f-r,
U W » U V
10 ~ b,
2
EEEEE
« W»
88s
Q
u
Q .
- r "
B O.JJ
4) « L.
^>
« da*: "a
O
d.
S E « a o
•Sa-5
8
EEEEE
o o o o o
uouoo
88
ALEGRARSE
w
u
HH
O
H- >
w
O
H
w
Pi
o
w
t-3
W
>
w
X
w
w
w
£
w
PH
W
E
H
'-
O
c
u
XBUI
p[noi(s -
w
w
2
1
M
Cd
a
H
"3
U
J
W
0,
S
S
u
w
m
^
&<
H
H
X
H
'
4) *O
o >-
•= u o
.2," g.
°
P*« V)
•3js 'anbune 'SBJJ
-uaiui 'opusna 'is
•33IOt
-34 oj pasn ,
CO
befc-uu^^Kflfe* bc^^^-^hbchfl bfi
_2 M t* bfcS g1 « _2 - S1 M **- 8*5 ,2 —
"c5— • — •-r;'c3'3 rt — — ^^•—'^15 A1
CBcBflBii)' ^x'^flUHi* QJ
E-2 — icdJi— E^i^jics — — E
:«_^: B o.
ALEGRARSE
89
— it
rt ~
*" 313 22-
silt t
I'g oj= °
<u -,
•B >>
C C
jjjj4)««4>4>«
oooooooo
Ssslii
§2
00 M
«E
a t> a i> "J "j D i>
££
bo be
jj jj
"a "a
4) to
S3
ills!?.
o o o o 2 2
« " *2 ^2 -2 —
'3 , 2,!2,S,.2,
"S"^" 5"51'S1 u
o o o o o o
c c c c c e
« » 0
«££ «««
e«"8««
gjU « g^ «
S Isls, isjo.s.'ois!?,
— ^J
Illsll
22
o o ° o o o
Oi'oj
" «
|l|a|l
8 8
o> D a a v a
0 O
c o o o o o
tJ t!
i_ d s~ £i i- ^-
•09
« w
£ o 2 <g
J!S
a a a a a a
•*•***
a 09
btbd
w.y y y WM
j2"J2
-a -jj -<u -u -£ -j;
bt
—
"3
•g o o ef
a
•a
0
rf 1 1 1
Z
B
0
0
2 ™ P P
bl M M
2 ± JJ ^J
3
OS
^
M • « •
o
£
Ed
— 03 a a
ga
M C 2 C
W
J
a.
g
^ '£ Z Z
ff a a a
li
u
z
* * * £
£ u
H
13
i— i
E E E E
£•3
^
«<
pq
O
D a u a
w a a »
a
to
PH
Ui
H
-g- -g-
S5
c £
W
v2 ^2
CO
^ 'O
H
M N
W
«
^^ ^
13
W
w
z
CL,
»-»
2 o. a *j
" E E 3
cu >5 >5 fe
0
0
w
H
Q
2
D
coMPOur
0. 0. 0. 0.
E e § i
o o o o
O 0 O O
a
E
o
O
0
u
Q-
v <J t!
s
«« -
" T3
o
•O - «
jj «J"O 0
o
•a
a
« a'o.a-2.
^ aj.-i, o u
jo
*S -a" ^ "? <u
£
4)
•sJlgl
5
•r1 o •"• cj ^"
jl
^ '57HH -c ^
<u '-C's'a
2
>-3 §^ 0
O
MW^,WM
09
. ^J
bit
4>
a
o
.^^ *
o
+- ^ •• O ®
OS
a
41 •§•§'' a
haberse
ATIVE :
fill!
buoj-g « ™
•3-20-21
o
w
>
5
«"§ 3 08 C8
H
5
s
4> 4) 4) 4) 4)
EEEEE
Eh
«> x x x in
Q
•^ -0
fc
2 cu o) +J g
&
h g OJ 3 O
o
OiMdiBtU
PH
aaaao.
s
EEEES
8
o o o o o
OOOOO
90 IMPERSONAL REFLEXIVE VERBS
IMPERSONAL REFLEXIVE USED FOR THE
PERSONAL REFLEXIVE
136. Permanent reflexive verbs, besides being conjugated
in all the persons and numbers, may also be conjugated imper-
sonally ; that is, with the reflexive pronoun se throughout, and
the verb in the third person singular of each tense, the re-
spective dative pronouns being used to distinguish person and
number, as follows :
se me alegra, alegraba, etc. I rejoice, was rejoicing, etc.
se te alegra, alegraba, etc. thou rejoicest, wast rejoicing, etc.
se le alegra, alegraba, etc. he rejoices, was rejoicing, etc.
se le alegra a V., alegraba d V., your honor rejoices, was rejoicing,
etc. etc.
se nos alegra, alegraba, etc. we rejoice, were rejoicing, etc.
se os alegra, alegraba, etc. ye rejoice, were rejoicing, etc.
se les alegra, alegraba, etc. they rejoice, were rejoicing, etc.
se les alegra a W., alegraba a your honors rejoice, were re-
W., etc. joicing, etc.
To accustom the student to this common form of expression
the verb is written out in full on pages 88, 89.
The meaning is practically the same as in the personal con-
jugation on pages 86, 87.
The explanation of this seems to be that the Spaniard, in
saying se me alegra, etc., really without thinking uses se as a
subject, although it has the objective form. Just as in English,
when we say "methinks I see," me is unthinkingly used as a
subject, although it has the objective form, the expression being
equivalent to " I think I see."
Conjugate like abrazarse, /. 91.
admirarse, to admire each other. educarse, to educate each other,
afeitarse, to shave each other. enganarse, to deceive each other,
ayudarse, to aid each other. felicitarse, to congratulate each other.
comprenderse, to understand each other, interrumpirse, to interrupt each other,
consultarse, to consult each other. mirarse, to look at each other,
conocerse, to know each other. mostrarse, to show to each other,
detestarse, to detest each other. oprimirse, to oppress each other.
disputarse, to wrangle with each other, parecerse, to resemble each other.
ABRAZARSE
« -8
,J
w <•
£
ffi 2
V
H -g
A
0 §
2 .
< e
-o
w «
2 S
o i
S
« «
2
J3
~io
P4 Sso
w y s
Sg^S
iiii
.IjB E 2
EACH OTH
PAST PART
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
that we em
that ye em
that they e
that your 1:
W M
u -e
< 2
f^ 1
CQ S
S S
S S
w %
Pi
H S
i abracemi
abraceis
abracen
. se abrac
ii —
1 8
§§£>
H a
CO J
« &
<; y
N H
<r" o^
«2
« -v,
<J z
M
W E^
p^ S
U EU
>
_3
<J
u
c
^
eu
i— i
u
w
S
w
I
H
rt Q
i o
§i
o S
~i>l
B M <1
s^
sy
!§
w """
>
H
S
s
z
SEX
'aq Aeui AO -SJ.T.U M> -oja 'aq pjnoqs jo -aq jfE
w
JS *
w
=1
o
^_
* i 1 J Si
co a; u) 5J 41-^ i
, 4j'^^t-'^^'^tn /^N
M
pi
O
H
M
•<
Hi
H
Cfl
<;
0 •= «•* J> tu-12- r? §~2-=^o-3X [? «? £.= t, S ?J= g
a ^|« 1 «« ^1 ,5 1| |11 ^1 5 * § « S « 5 &1 ;s I ^2
11
Oi
™ to ^_c_n_^ — — — — ~vs _z-^^z-^-z-c™-^ %t Js j3 J9 »fl ^s J9 Js A •w^^^'^^^% -^ ~~ -l
— ^J *J*J*J*rf*rf*rf-w*J ^V •M«rf^)4-f«J4^«rf«rf ^— —*-*- — »«»-—.— ^»-^>j^-(^^^n_»,^
r i V . J. .« v J
W
^ (£ -K. ^S
Cfl
pa
<* "v! <3IT1I« 'II3IIM 'TT
r-s •. ^ auijAV uaqAV ji
*~~l ^> S^^
M O
S* • S • w
w
tr . E f ^ 5 o,.
N • E.2EC.S « E^EB « E|EE
a»aaE.2EE 22222222 s S88SSSSS JJJJJJSgiJJJi
« « « « n « 09 n 33333333 33333333 33333333
§2
_='
> ^ > t > ^ >' ij
<£
3
?*>>>•
HH
W
u
e
•oja 'anbunB 'staj
t— 1
w
c
-uattu 'opuBnD 'is
X
2
«
a
"3
<J
**
W
w
tJ
w
PM
ffi
&
W
H
>— i
H
0
H
0
c/j
§
s
•aq oj pasn ua
o
p,
Q aj xi
0
u
4) « S C w - =
a * ss^is 'f's
« £ i2fe ""uu^C
,,v, o ovS«; 0 o ^- — o cuO^cuuCJi;-0^
^ y, " ^«(uS^ ^ 1 " £ S " 1 -= •'S * « ^ « " 1^ S s'*S J'rtS1! J
00
«
v^ j>» £ 3 •" 3 ., rt ;t" a Sifc«a«^S!>3 v5sc-.,JT3 '^•cn^3UI'5;t>3
fO
£
^IR_ rt2uoS<u"o S 5^uoS4)^o ^> iji°*1'^0 ^ "x^S^u-o
M
-
CJ r-.-S.C>!*>i~>< ^M^J=>,S>,«>i Q>H~^X5>,-4-'^> i— i<JX>iS>'^>i
j
*
V
55 « 2 91~ «• ~ O
1
e tn _ e ^ ^ E"^? SSw*m""
W
X
> ^ >• f > i > ^
fa
2
SEX
93
'J '_ T i ^j
2-o "3 g
•o o o o o o
x E.£ en
222222S2
DUUD-UDU'J
- . . . . - . .
J8
1
o
i
e
"
I have or may have be
I should have or had 1
I had or should have 1
I have or shall have bi
I should have or had 1
is essential and inhen
Z
Q
O
JSJ2 jSJjS
1
ICIPLE: h
CTIVE MC
. .jj
t> 'S ~5
u - - -3
edicate adjei
1 1
H
£
o "S 'S "5 o u
O.
H
o
co
0 HO
u eu.C J3J3
•^ - 3.S) 0 3
o ° ° — s o
OH
i— i
ra
3 ta « « a u
tfl L. » U U -
u
fc«'
S'u
e _ ^ g E ^
CO
a s 3 3 3 m
£££££
T3 ti
<
(ft."
a
v_^-*_^
R J3 Q 9 «3 fl
C/}
^^^
g 0
S
5
^^
2^^22^
o<
l!
CX, u
x_>
o
^
CO
Zi
" >
co
Q
J.H
II
H
3 '5
3 3 S 3 3 3
CO
Z
§
„ a a^ c;
E g g S o
Ig
'rt *•
<
111 X
to x to tn « «
S
ft,««U,CJ
u
-j.
S
h.
O O
e e
o e o o e e
c c c c e c
H
Q
Z
s
o
u
aaaaa
ESESE
o o o o o
UUUUCJ
u O
9
5
Q*
O
l/ftf
o
Q.
ITS G
c
S
7.8
"£
M
O
•Oc/3
0 0
o
CO
c a
3 .
^
o u o
H
"a
•^ sJSE 3
jj
'i. «
jz'u
«.
2- **•
E'JS ^3^ >•
-13
U 0 4J
.fa
OH
££
^^^"22^"
1
c "1 g"
u 8*
S
—
ii -j 03,2
68 U
* >
o
U «T3^ U
> >
•
g"^ " ^ 4) rt
tu
•o
1U SiS « —
^ 13
•o
•CU -J
S 3 3 3 3 3
"Z
"^•^•^— ~
S e
<e x
to en tn x tc to
h
^ ^ S "rt O
« o
1
Q
O
*^|-S-S
x c
J
O
jf **
s
.
s-8
H
M
cj . u *i
~ a
£
S»
o • u •• e
.5 rt
H
H
t! e o"^"0
S
-•— r3-s'*
§|
i— i
y
^ *'™-(U "
b
3
N Z A A A
JS
>— 1
z
03333
**"c3
Q
£££££
og
(25
u'
S-T3
U
O
Q .
£ R
OH
to x -*^ • "^
i.
S
£ g « 3 0
^ x
8
MMWWO
H 2
ESE6S
o
a
o o o o o
c
UUUCJCJ
"
94 SEX AMADO
n
* 2 * •>
vN n
0 * «,
* OB NK
in
OS
* 03 (ft
g « os es
-^ W B OS OS
<B 03 93 03
03 O ' '
os • 03 es-o » w »
1 0 ' ' 03 0 0 0
Ofl 0 0 E M^1"3
ii?!9!!!
||EE§«S§
jS OS ' 03 OS'S » gg »
S • e ' • OS 0 o o
0-0 0 0 E a"0^
'111 111
03 O '
OS ' OS 03*9 v> tn <n
1 e ' ' 03 o o o
o-o o o EISA'S
•a os'O'o « 2 " 2
liil.iil
lliii«i*
%a8E.2es
" <a M * E~ C C
" » (S8 E.2 E E
OS03030303«OS03
S8|SSl»8
C
&
6
^
s
M
O
q
<j
i
<i
a
w
CO
pq 53 -^"*««
a I ii > £ > ^ > s _> ^
W ^J -oja 'anbunE 'SEIJ
r_j H -uauu 'opuEtu'is
> W «
c^ c^ «
w § ^
PH " ^
H
W ^
W 2
H CO
u
ta g
O
"* -a s
I igjsllljll
•— > - - "-1 ti Ea^k-rtte >,>-
§ r*yjjit-!H
u
II S 3
2 n n
« S5 ,T Ja?*
;«^?«s§§
«5€^isl^^
illlZiii
osBEEoM«os
X8«*E.2EE
• • •••8 8 8
SER AMADO
95
•pSAOJ 9*91* -to
1
<U -O 41 41 -O
£ rt ^ ^ A
J2 ^s _« _g J=
.5 ^
T3
>, a 2 s o
^ E
S *
•C «
> 1
£ u > u o u-^j w > «
"S JS 4»-^ "S aj 2 i>
b ^ * " . V ^J? ~
«-* S
I should be loved
thou shouldst be loved
he should be loved
your honor should be It
1 we should be loved
ye should be loved
they should be loved
[your honors should be
•s
o"S
TJ ^ 2
So o
> c c
O O 73 O
"8 «! h>« >7!
> XI 3 4) ° 3
O 4- O >""" O
I
e8«
11
EE
cd 03
o
E MOOD
^ »rt 'C T3 V -U ^ "O "O 'O
« g"3 g * g t> S"3 g
> o_g o-o o > o ° J
~ e^ e— c^ c^J g
rt *^ r; — ^— rt -^ ^ -—
5 S S i
|0 W 0 MM
o » *. *
o os ed os
*?«•§•§ «
5 of the auxiliary verb s<
tut, in the compound ter
C
M4
.S 5
«-• o
I§^-^
>
o « « « 3
g >
5
•i
|
tn
9 94
tn °? 9 9
ed* «?«•§§»«
(thou) no
(ye) not 1
S g"- = §'-
s:5§!rs
o
•a
™
JUNCT1
« „ « os *a
ooo
* 2 2 2 o «
O (fl tfi cfi '
o
•— _4)
C ^
« 'C
^<
41 41
09
OQ
2 ed u « «5
'•3 .S
**-s
o^ o o Els "23
S^A
—- -0— •— -°
[3
• C • C <-^
4) 4) 4> 4> ed
•z
lillsMi
H
M ^
W
X
Ji 1 1 li
"= 0
o 2
.%
* B * 9 g <K = g
P
W
?
tn en
0^
f f j: « •=
tD
~z
SwaiWMWwS)
O
?
>§««
u
"i" "g*
| 0
K
33333333
H
;|
os eg fl^ M ai
' ' '2*o
H
£ ^
u "-X •
c
*
ooo E'O'O
Pi
o! -o
'— ^ 4>
> •*"
a
OS
T3T3-3 CS * 03
«^
"- M
' uT *
2
E |
i • • M 8 B
t,
2> ~d d « "t
t- — 4> ^_,
oooooooo
w
en
999S
CO
c/i
S p g 3 o
*^ T3 > *-
s
«~
a -a
999999
CO
W
CU M M fe O
.^ rt 41 (/)
las
f"
*«
(A (A (A CA en tf)
z
CL,
d d d d d
u h u 2
» ? CD OS
C8 ' '
s
O 0
O O O O O O
u
E E E E S
rt^ c a
S
e e
c c c c e e
L,
Pi
o o o o o
rt S *" *?
1 o ' ' "5 ° °
F
s
O O O O O
**- ^^ §
1111*111
<
Q
Z
0
o
•s'|*l
EojEEo**81
o"
5
0
•^•"•s s
edededss'aMss
o
o
O
0.
« — .
|f|l
33333333
s
T3 b 2
41 O O
O
•a
. "S-o >
l|tr|
b.
.22 •* 2
o
§
0 ti" o'Z
ft'5.2,xi
^ >
H
T3
41
l-^t'sjl
<u
"S -a § c S
^|i|
V
^
O 41
O ^j P g ^ P
^j
^O g ^ tu
W> ^ j2 **
•5
W
— ' >
^ O
3— •
~ X _— ^2 ,
^ *13 ^ g T3
41
c'c*2 w *
••s |«5
13
-
4> C > 41 >
rt
^ Oj N^ — -rt
rt *O rt ,*'
•O 41
—
T3 ~" 41
~
4> 41
— -^
£-j=_0 §^_0
O
W
IjjlJ
>,c^ r
4= « 0.5
£ ~ "^ —
0 T3 "^ "^ -a "2 -0
>
°? *
O
• o
0 «'?-r!
al (Consequent)
I should be lovec
thou wouldst be 1
he would be love
your honor woul<
-as we should be lovi
3 ye would be love
; they would be loi
your honors wou!
se amado -a
sed amados -as
OS >
«««•§§§
ill §11
0! S ed g C
III6
ed « os os 9 9
1) U U il 1) 1)
0 0
EE
ed os
o
•a
b
1
INDICATIVE MO
• " " " m
V- ' ' o °
ve voice in Spanish is f
varies like any adjectiv
bered that the past par
ed with ser, and not \v
^
M a g •
o*«?«»
Cd
'"is^iS
'ffiju g «
o-o o o E'S-a-o
•O 03T3T3 S 2 9 9
.*..*. a 2 2 ?.?.?
0] ft
C.C.C.C.C.
£ E E S S
o o o o o
uoouo
96 SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PASSIVE
REFLEXIVE SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PASSIVE
140. In Spanish, as in French, the use of the passive is
avoided as much as possible. In its place they prefer to use
the verb reflexively, or else in the indefinite third person plural,
with no subject expressed. For example, ' the books are sold,'
se venden los libros, in place of los libros son vendidos ; although
the latter is correct grammatically and could be used. And
again, ' it is said ' =se dice or dicen ; the latter, dicen, is the exact
equivalent for our English ' they say,' and is used in the same
way.
141. The use of the reflexive form for the passive comes
under two heads :
1 . When the subject of the passive verb is a thing or an in-
animate object, then the reflexive substitute has the same sub-
ject as the passive verb. For example, ' the houses are sold,'
se venden las casas ; ' Spanish is spoken here,' aqm se habla
espaTwl ; ' it is said,' se dice; ' it has been said that they would
come,' se ha dicho qne vendrian. In these cases, as the subject
is a thing, no possible ambiguity can arise in the use of the re-
flexive in place of the passive, for the literal translation of
se venden las casas is, ' the houses sell themselves' ; and, as it is
impossible for the houses to sell themselves, the real meaning
can only be, ' the houses are sold.'
2. When the subject of the passive verb is a person or an
animate object, then the subject of the passive verb cannot be
made the subject of the reflexive substitute on account of the
ambiguity that would arise. For example, ' the man was killed,'
if made reflexive with the subject the same, would be, se mato
el hombre, which would mean ' the man killed himself,' and not
' the man was killed.' In this case the subject of the passive
verb is made the object of the reflexive verb, and we have
se mato al hombre. This can be explained or translated lit-
erally in two ways : first, considering the verb as impersonal,
it would be, ' it killed itself to the man,' se being the direct
object and man the indirect object ; second, the subject of the
reflexive verb may be considered to be uno, alguien, or some
IMPERSONAL VERBS 97
other indefinite subject, man being the direct object, and se the
indirect object and at the same time a superfluous or ethical
dative, in which case the literal translation would be, ' one (or
somebody) killed the man for himself.' Either explanation of
this construction is permissible and will explain the variation in
the object pronouns which are sometimes direct and sometimes
indirect in form ; for example, le and Ics are always used in
place of lo and los, but in all other cases the direct objective
forms are used. Furthermore, in this construction the redun-
dant pronouns are almost always used :
The man was seen, se le via al hombre
The men were seen, se les via d los hombres
The woman was seen, se la vib d la mujer
The women were seen, se las vib d las mujeres
They were seen, se les (las) vib d ellos (a ellas)
Let the man be killed, mdtesele al hombre
Let them be killed, mdteseles (las) d ellos (d ellas)
Mdtesemeles, let them be killed (for me) : this meaning is the same
as the preceding, the only difference being the use of a superfluous
dative me, for me.
There is no doubt but that the Spaniards unconsciously use
this se as a subject, about equivalent in meaning to the French
on ; it can always be translated in that way and give a correct
translation of the Spanish expression ; as, se mato al hombre,
'one killed the man' = on tiia rhomme. But it must be
remembered that grammatically it is always an object pronoun,
as is seen by its position in the imperative.
NOTE. — There is a slight shade of difference in meaning between se dice, the re-
flexive substitute, and dicen, the indefinite third person plural substitute: se dice
meaning ' it is said,' where the speaker is included with others ; whereas in dicen
the speaker is not included. Practically the same difference exists in English between
"it is said " and "they say."
IMPERSONAL VERBS
142. Impersonal verbs have already been defined to be
verbs that have neither subject nor object, and usually refer
to some phenomena of nature. They are conjugated only in
98 IMPERSONAL VERBS
the infinitive, present participle, past participle, and in the third
person singular of the other moods and tenses. Impersonal
verbs may be either essential or accidental. Essential imper-
sonal verbs are used only as impersonal verbs, and always refer
to some phenomena of nature. The principal essential im-
personal verbs are:
Alborear, to dawn Llover, to rain
Amanecer, to dawn Lloviznar, to drizzle
Anochecer, to grow dark Nevar, to snow
Deshelar, to thaw Relampaguear, to lighten
Granizar, to hail Tronar, to thunder
Helar, to freeze Ventear, to blow
NOTE. — In figurative language, these verbs may have a subject : la artilleria
truena, the artillery thunders.
143. Accidental impersonal verbs are ordinary verbs that
may sometimes be used impersonally. They may have a neuter
subject, ello, it, expressed for emphasis, when not used in de-
scribing phenomena of nature.
The principal accidental impersonal verbs are :
Acaecer, acontecer, suceder, to happen : (ello) acaece, acontece,
sucede, it happens.
Bastar, to be sufficient : (ello) aasta, it is sufficient.
Constar, to be evident : (ello) consta, it is evident.
Convenir, to suit : (ello) conviene, it suits.
Estar, to be : estd nevando, it is snowing.
Haber, there to be : hay hombres, there are men ; / cudnto hay de
aqui ? how far is it from here ?
Hacer, to be : hace un mes, it is one month (one month ago) ; hace
sol, it is sunny.
Importar, to matter, to be important : (ello) importa, it matters, is
important.
Ser, to be : es verdad, necesario, it is true, necessary ; son las dos, it is
two o'clock.
Some of these verbs may also be employed in the third
person plural, and may agree with a subject : muc/ws milagros
me sucedieron, many miracles happened to me.
IMPERSONAL VERBS 99
Under this head also comes the impersonal substitute in
permanent reflexive verbs : me alegro, I rejoice, or se me
alegra, I rejoice, — (lit.) it rejoices itself to me.
144. THE IMPERSONAL VERB HABER =r THERE TO BE
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE; haber, there to be. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo, there being.
PAST PARTICIPLE; habido, there having been.
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Present
hay there is or there are haya that there be or may be.
Imperfect Imperfect (Fir si Form)
habia there was or there were hubiera that there should be or were
Past Definite Imperfect {Second Forni)
hubo there was or there were hubiese that there were or should be.
Future Future
habra there will be si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., hubiere, if, when,
while, although, etc., there be or shall be
Conditional {Consequent) Conditional {Antecedent*)
habria there would be si hubiera or hubiese, if there should be, or were
IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
haya let there be no haya let there not be
COMPOUND TENSES
COMPOUND INFINITIVE: haber habido, there to have been.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo habido, there having been.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. ha habido there has or have been
Comp. Imp. habia habido there had been
Comp. Past Def . hubo habido (when) there had been
Comp. Fut. habra habido there will have been
Comp. Cond. habria habido there would have been
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. haya habido that there were or may have been
Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera habido that there should have been or had been
Comp. I mp. (2d form) hubiese habido that there had been or should have been
Comp. Fut. hubiere habido that there have been or shall have been
Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese that there should have been or had been
habido
NOTE. — The only variation from the auxiliary haber is in the third person singular present
indicative — hay instead of ha. In the compound present indicative, however, ha is used In the
personal verb, the imperative singular and plural he, hed, in the meaning of behold, are still found,
with the adverbs aqui, ahi and alii, and the pronoun objects me, te, te, la, lo, nos, as, los, las.
heme aqui, here I am. hednos aqui, here we are.
helo ahi, there it is. helos, helas ahi, there they are.
IOO
IMPERSONAL VERBS
145. THE IMPERSONAL VERB GRANIZAR = TO HAIL
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE, granizar, to hail. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: granizando, hatting.
PAST PARTICIPLE : granizado, hailed.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present
graniza it hails
Imperfect
granizaba it was hailing or used to hail
Past Definite
granizo it hailed ,
Future
granizara it will hail
Conditional {Consequent)
granizaria it would hail
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present
granice that it hail or may hail
Imperfect {First Form}
granizara that it should hail or hailed
Imperfect {Second Form*)
granizase that it hailed or should hail.
Future
si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., granizare, if, when,
while, although, etc., it hail or shall hail
Conditional {Antecedent)
si granizara or granizase, if it should hail or
hailed
IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
granice let it hail no granice let it not hail
COMPOUND TENSES
COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber granizado, to have hailed.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo granizado, having hatted.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres.
Comp. Imp.
Comp. Past Def.
Comp. Put.
Comp. Cond.
ha granizado
habia granizado
hubo granizado
habra granizado
it has hailed
it had hatted
(when) it had hailed
it shall have hailed
habria granizado it should have hailed
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. haya granizado that it have or may have hailed
Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera granizado that it should have or had hailed
Comp. Imp. (2d form) hubiese granizado thatit had or should have hailed
Comp. Put. hubiere granizado that it have or shall have hatted
Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese that it should have or had hailed
granizado
146. THE IMPERSONAL VERB LLOVER=TO RAIN
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE: Hover, to rain. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: lloviendo, raining.
PAST PARTICIPLE: llovido, rained.
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Present
\uf\e it rains \\ue\ti that it rain or may rain
Imperfect Imperfect {First Form)
llovia it was raining or used to rain lloviera that it should rain or rained
Past Definite Imperfect {Second form)
Ilovio it rained iloviese that it rained or should rain
IMPERSONAL VERBS
101
Future
llovera it will rain
Conditional ( Consequent)
lloveria it would rain
Future
si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., lloviere, if, when,
while, although, etc., it rain or shall rain
Conditional {Antecedent)
si lloviera or lloviese, if it should rain or rained.
IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
\\ue\a let it rain no ll/^'va let it not rain
COMPOUND TENSES
COMPOUND INFINITIVE: haber llovido, to have rained.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo llovido, having rained.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. ha llovido it has rained
Comp. Imp. habia llovido it had rained
Comp Past Def. hubo llovido (when) it had rained
Comp. Put. habra llovido it shall have rained
Comp. Cond. habria llovido it should have rained
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Comp Pres. haya llovido
Comp. Imp. (istform) hubiera llovido
Comp. Imp. <2d form) hubiese llovido
Comp. Fut. hubiere llovido
Comp. Cond.
that it have or may have rained
that it should have or had rained
that it had or should have rained
that it have or shall have rained
hubiera or hubiese that it should have or had rained
llovido
147. THE IMPERSONAL VERB NEVAR = TO SNOW
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE : nevar, to snow. PRESENT PARTICIPLE : nevando, snowing.
PAST PARTICIPLE: nevado, snowed.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present
n/cva it snows
Imperfect
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present
m'eve that it snow or may snow
Imperfect {First Forni)
nevaba it was snowing or used to snow nevara that it should snow or snowed
Past Definite Imperfect {Second Forni)
nevo it snowed nevase that it snowed or should snow
Future Future
nevara it will snow
Conditional { Consequent)
nevaria it would snow
si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., nevare, if, when,
while, although, etc., it snow or shall snow
Conditional {Antecedent}
si nevara or nevase, if it should snow or snowed
IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
nzVve let it snow no n/Vve let it not snow.
IO2 IMPERSONAL VERBS
COMPOUND TENSES
COMP. INFINITIVE: haber nevado, to have snowed.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo nevado, having snowed.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. ha nevado it has snowed
Comp. Imp. habia nevado it had snowed
Comp. Past Def. hubo nevado (when)it had snowed
Comp. Fut. habra nevado it shall have snowed
Comp. Cond. habria nevado it should have snowed
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. haya nevado thatit have or may have snowed
Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera nevado thatit should have or had snowed
Comp. Imp. (zd form) hubiese nevado that it had or should have snowed
Comp. Fut. hubiere nevado thatit have or shall have snowed
Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese that it should have or had snowed
nevado
148. THE IMPERSONAL VERB RELAMPAGUEAR = TO
LIGHTEN
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE: relampaguear, to lighten. PRES. PART. : relampagueando, lightening.
PAST PARTICIPLE : relampagueado, lightened.
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Present
relampaguea it lightens relampaguee that it lighten or may lighten
Imperfect Imperfect (First Form)
relampagueaba it was lightening or relampagueara that it should lighten or lightened
used to lighten
Past Definite Imperfect (Second Form)
relampagueo it lightened relampaguease that it lightened or should lighten
Future Future
relampagueara it will lighten si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., relampagueare, if
it lighten or shall lighten
Conditional {Consequent) Conditional (Antecedent)
relampaguearta it would lighten si relampagueara or relampaguease, if it should
lighten or lightened
IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
relampaguee let it lighten no relampaguee let it not lighten
COMPOUND TENSES
COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber relampagueado, to have lightened.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo relampagueado, having lightened.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. ha relampagueado it has lightened
Comp. Imp. habia relampagueado it had lightened
Comp. Past Def. hubo relampagueado (when)it had lightened
Comp. Fut. habra relampagueado it shall have lightened
Comp. Cond. habria relampagueado it should have lightened
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. haya relampagueado that it have or may have lightened
Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera relampagueado that it should have or had lightened
Comp. Imp. (zd form) hubiese relampagueado that it had or should have lightened
Comp. Fut. hubiere relampagueado thatit have or shall have lightened
Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese re- that it should have or had lightened
lampagueado
IMPERSONAL VERBS
103
149. THE IMPERSONAL VERB AMANECER = TO DAWN
SIMPLE TENSES
INFINITIVE: amanecer, to dawn. PRESENT PARTICIPLE : amaneciendo, dawning.
PAST PARTICIPLE : amanecido, dawned.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present
amanece it dawns
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present
amanezca that it dawn or may dawn
Imperfect Imperfect {First Forni)
amanecia it was dawning or used to amaneciera that it should dawn or dawned
dawn
Past Definite
amanecio t dawned
Future
amanecera it will dawn
Conditional ( Consequent)
amaneceria it would dawn
Imperfect (Second Forni}
amaneciese that it dawned or should dawn
Future
si, cuando, mientras, aunque, etc., amaneciere, if,
when, while, although, etc., it dawn or shall dawn.
Conditional {Antecedent}
si amaneciera or amaneciese, if it should dawn or
dawned
IMPERATIVE MOOD, AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
amane^a let it dawn no amanec. a let it not dawn
COMPOUND TENSES
COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber amanecido, to have dawned.
COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE : habiendo amanecido, having dawned.
INDICATIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. ha amanecido
Comp.'Imp. habia amanecido
Comp. Past Def. hubo amanecido
Comp. Fut. habra amanecido
it has dawned
it had dawned
(when) it had dawned
it shall have dawned
Comp. Cond. habria amanecido it should have dawned
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Comp. Pres. haya amanecido that it have or may have dawned
Comp. Imp. (ist form) hubiera amanecido that it should have or had dawned
Comp. Imp. (ad form) hubiese amanecido that it had or should have dawned
Comp. Fut. hubiere amanecido that it have or shall have dawned
Comp. Cond. hubiera or hubiese
amanecido that it should have t»- had dawned
NOTE. — Amanecer, to dawn, and its companion verb anochecer, to grow dusk, may be in-
flected throughout with a personal meaning : amanecimos en Nueva York, it was dawn when we
reached New York; anochecimos en Nueva York, it was dark when we reached New York.
104 IRREGULAR VERBS
IRREGULAR VERBS
150. We have seen that by dropping the endings ar, er or
ir of the infinitive we obtain the stem of the verb.
We have also seen that in the regular verbs the stem never
varies except for orthographic changes.
In irregular verbs the inflectional endings are the same
(except in a few verbs) as in the regular verbs ; but the stem
varies from that in the infinitive so as to assume sometimes
two, sometimes three different forms.
Knowing these two or three different forms of the stem and
what the tenses are that are built up on them, we can conjugate
the whole verb by adding the usual fixed inflexional endings.
These three stems are: ist, the stem of the infinitive or
present stem ; 2d, the stem of the past definite, or past defi-
nite stem ; and third, the full infinitive itself, called for con-
venience the future stem.
By comparison of all the irregular verbs it can be demon-
strated that upon these three stems the following tenses are
built up respectively :
Infinitive
Present Participle (usually)
Past Participle
Present Stem
Present Indicative
Imperfect Indicative
Present Subjunctive
Imperative
(" Present Participle (occasionally)
Past Definite Indicative
Past Definite Stem \ Imperfect Subjunctives
Future Subjunctive
[_ Conditional Subjunctive
~ , c, ( Future Indicative
Future &tem 4 ^ ,.. , , ,. .
( Conditional Indicative
151. Whenever an irregularity occurs in the future stem it
is present throughout the future and conditional tenses of the
indicative.
152. An irregularity never occurs throughout the tenses of
the present stem ; and an irregularity may or may not occur
throughout the tenses of the past definite stem.
IRREGULAR VERBS 1 05
153. When an irregularity occurs in the present or past
definite stems under certain conditions only (depending on tonic
accent and inflectional ending), this irregularity will be found
to exist in the tenses built up on those stems, when those con-
ditions are fulfilled, and not otherwise.
154. For convenience, when a stem receives the tonic
accent, it will be called a tonic stem ; and when a stem does not
receive the tonic accent it will be called an atonic stem.
The stem-vowel is the vowel of the stem nearest the ending.
155. The learner will be greatly aided in mastering irregular
verbs if he remembers that the present subjunctive always
comes from the first person singular present indicative, by
changing the ending o to a or c, as, caber, qucpo, qucpa ; sonar,
sueno, snene ; and the other tenses of the subjunctive always
come from the third person plural past definite by changing
ron to ra, se, re, as, poder, pndicron, pudiera, pudiese, pudiere.
There are only a few irregular futures ; only a few irregular
second person singulars of the imperative.
156. Irregular verbs are divided into seven classes :
First Class
This class comprises verbs in ar and er, and one in ir, hav-
ing the stem-vowels e and o. Their irregularity consists in
the expansion of the stem-vowel e into its diphthong ie, or of
o into its diphthong tie, when the stem is tonic. This irregu-
larity will therefore occur in the present stem only, and there
only as follows :
ist, 2d and 3d Person Singular } ( Present Indicative,
and £• of -J Present Subjunctive,
3d Person Plural ) (_ Imperative ;
for in all other cases the stem is atonic.
There are 341 verbs in this class, subdivided as follows:
ar, stem-vowel e 156 .... (model pensar, p. 108).
ar, stem-vowel o ... 126 .... (model sonar, p. 114).
er, stem-vowel e ... 27 .... (model /mzfcr, p. 118).
er, stem-vowel o ... 31 .... (model mover, p. 120).
ir, stem-vowel e . . . i . . . . \discemir, p. 126).
IO6 IRREGULAR VERBS
Second Class
157. This class comprises verbs in ir only, having the
stem-vowels e and o. Their irregularity consists in the expansion
of the stem-vowel e into its diphthong ie, or of o into its diph-
thong ue, when the stem is tonic, exactly as with verbs of the
first class. In addition, however, the stem-vowel e becomes i,
or the stem-vowel o becomes u, when the stem is atonic and is
followed by a, ie or io. The latter change takes place as follows :
Present Participle.
First and Second Persons Plural Present Subjunctive.
First Person Plural Imperative.
Third Person Singular and Plural Past Definite.
Imperfect Subjunctives.
Future Subjunctive.
There are fifty verbs in this class, subdivided as follows:
ir, stem-vowel e 43 ... (model sentir, p. 128).
ir, stem-vowel o 7 ... (model morir, p. 134).
Third Class
158. This class comprises verbs ending in ir only, having the
stem-vowel e. Their irregularity consists in e becoming i when
the stem is tonic or when followed by a, ie, or ioy viz., in
Present Indicative, except First and Second Persons Plural.
Present Subjunctive.
Imperative, except Second Person Plural.
Present Participle.
Past Definite, Third Person Singular and Plural.
Imperfect and Future Subjunctives.
There are 54 verbs in this class (model servir, p. 136).
Fourth Class
159. This class comprises verbs in acer, ecer, ocer, ucir.
Their irregularity consists in inserting a z before the c when fol-
lowed by a or o, viz., in
First Person Singular Present Indicative.
Throughout Present Subjunctive.
Imperative derived from Present Subjunctive.
There are 210 verbs in this class, sub-divided as follows:
acer, ecer, ocer .... 20^ . . . (model conocer, p. 140).
ucir 7 ... (model lucir, p. 144).
IRREGULAR VERBS IO/
Fifth Class
160. This class comprises verbs in uir, both vowels being
sounded — that is, it does not include verbs in guir, quir.
Their irregularity consists in inserting y before the ending
when the stem-vowel u gets the tonic accent or is followed by a
or o, viz., in
Present Indicative, except First and Second Persons Plural.
Present Subjunctive.
Imperative derived from Present Subjunctive.
In addition, this class of verbs undergoes the orthographic
change of / into y of the diphthongal endings ie, io in the past
definite stem. (See creer, p. 68.)
There are 38 verbs in this class, subdivided as follows:
uir (not guir, quir) .... 36 .. (model atribuir, p. 146).
guir 2 (model argut'r, p. 148).
Sixth Class
161. This class consists of fourteen verbs in ar, er and ir
and their compounds, with irregular past definites. The tonic
accent in the first and third persons singular past definite, is
on the stem instead of on the ending as in other verbs. These
are as follows :
1. andar 5. estar (see p. 7. hacer n. saber
2. caber 72) 8. poder 12. tener
3. decir 6. haber (see p. 9. poner 13. traer
4. traducir* 20) io. querer 14. venir
Seventh Class
162. This class consists often very irregular verbs in ar, er
and ir and their compounds, incapable of classification under
any other head. These verbs are as follows :
1. asir 3. dar 5. oir 7. ser (see p. 92) 9. ver
2. caer 4. ir 6. salir 8. valer io. yacer
* And other compounds of ducir, which is now obsolete.
IO8 PENSAR
iqj pjnoijs
M
a 0
O
a i
& w
u >
'2. 3 ~ g •" •£ >> 3
I lliliill I
^ w •£ x >> 5 S^.'S >> s i-i •£ j= x i >.•£ >.
HH
H G
<xj rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
t? JJxxJxxx v xxxxxxxx
1
bJO
'«*
1— 1
B
H
g
<v
PAST PAR
SUBJUNC
e
<« ^ E~ g g
<AtACAtn,*iM<AIA
B.B B B gg B B
<o • V
<jj Vi
^ V"
r 1 «. !
<; «m E.2ee J « E.S2EB
E3CSE3cQ03Q3CSCB ^ 4>(UiJ1jajl*l>u
UUJ-UUL.U.U 9 9 9 9 J S 9 9
ccceccec cccccccc
i
•
«
to
vhen tonic *
RB PENSAl
c
3
W 4
w 8
aaaaaaaa
> ^
> £ > £
H
c
i
c.
V
o
- w
w «
5
^_>
•r< K*
2 B
Cd u
0
CO
H b
-
fi
•1-4
I M
e ffi
U W
s
1
s S
CL) L^
0. PH
o
1
^5
s u
CO
pq
, to
§ o
W H
1
w
!
^ 2
BH
H
s
1
rt
H
C/3
j=
a
O
Pi
•jjuiqj oj pasn -<»
*
P
P
"M
^^
^™ >
c
W
*2J
IS
bo
o
IS
b£
P4
u
Q
|
S .S
HH
M
:nsar, to think.
CATIVE MOO
01 .*
.* .* C
.5 .£ 2
1 -slsi -I
S *iij|3|J
^ lg*"it*5-s
X 4-> ^H
c" •S ^u "So ""
jitfa^fii ^ -g i 1
•^ S|.i i^S-S > S -1 J •£
^I'SslPl 1- r-s^-il
v^ C^jCO~»CajO ^j 4«i*ijSOHC'-;.,O
| ^l-gji^Si Q •&23°§SS302§
JJH ?2j^4)^"fe^ S^OJSOolj —
^ Ig^S**g>& S Jg^5-S-S>>3
V •— I
o- Q
** j « o S «_?• o
hH rg -c >, S >.T: >.
MaJlSftll <N «-Sx§,l5i,-5?-
W S
w
^
Q ^
H- 1
(H
o
« ( E.2 B e v c"5 c e
2
x £ « e c
98M93391
££££££££ S E x L. i_
tasesoj.BBOM -i a-o-o ea a ca a
h
cccc^^cc
CECBBCBB BCBBBBBB
M
o. o. c. c, a c. c. o.
aa&a&aaa aa&aaaaa
> ^
> t > t
PENSAR
IO9
,5
' I think 1
thou think
he think
your honor think
we think
ye think
they think
„ your honors think
ecedenf)
I should think "4
thou shouldst think
he should think
your honor should think
we should think
ye should think
they should think
your honors should think
habiendo pensado, having the
; MOOD
:hat I have or may have thought,
hat I should have or had thought
:hat I had or should have though!
that I have or shall have thought
.hat I should have or had thought
•oja 'uSnoqjre
i
S §
^J -si
W
w
H
u u u
^> o
OH
u
% 0 0 0 g
to
O
U 2 « 0 SlB C 0
l.i-1-UUI.L.I.
Oja«a-«aaa
Q C 71 _ _
^ en c .— c c
Vj saaa-aaaa
'^ EEBEEBEE
C 0
ll 111 1
y
H
0!
<
UBJUN
-S3 03*9 J
^ 71 71 71 3 ii
1 111*1
BBEBESEB
% 99999999
.-- aaaaaaaa
H
2"^
U.S C w S C
0,
X
Snood a
be * EC3
3
aaaaaaaa
U
P
.S.S
£— c =~.C
H
4> 4> U 1> g
bd
> ^
^
»C .£
O VJ5 a) 4) Jjj
^
>,— ^ — ™ **
w
> ^
H
W
C9 3 3 3 3 &
2
oooooooo
*
•
C/2
— — — — —
M
a
U
•Dja 'anbune 'SBJJ
-uaiui 'opuena 'is
o
tn E « E E
aaaaawas
5s a 3 -a a a a
tn tn tn tn tn tn en
EBBESBEE
ATIVE AND
p/>nses
penseis
> 0 ^"
SEE
S «s 3 si
= = = =• = =
dddadd
ai
co *
W Q
a *
Ij
»*M
compensa
aaaaaaaa
S
o o
o o o e o o
H g
" S E 3 °
£
^
^
B B
B E E B E B
. S
BlMMBlU
> >
1
1 §
E E E E E*
71
o o o o o
c
'»
Q
o
UUUUU
Q.
i
OH
E
o
2
£
o
9
0 0
f\
3
w
c c
tJ
.>
^
,^^-G 'cJ3
5
•H cj "3
"ri
c
s
•5 a v.j4'9 H
u
u "
>
p4
o^
.g'_S 3 C'S 3
3
•. ^ *j"
*u
ai
r^ 4)
J
o .'§>S"^1
1
w
-*^
S-- ^4 tn j^<
U
4J £ g «JO
y
CM
S S
C — g 3 *j g
rt
^J* ^ H O*5
_
s
•£•5
ju _S 25 ^2
-C
"S-c"^^ >
O
3 Mrs U «
.-§ >
o
&> "^Ori 3
E E E
tn
Q
S"Sls2
B 9 9 m B V
Q
^^•f ~.~z
1 1
= 1
71 71 71 5; 71 71
E E B H E E
a
C
-* C
•2i w
1 5
S "a 2 ^2
— —
aaaaaa.
1
H
u • ^ *^
*""*,
3 --^ Co
a
'>
J 1U -.0
•^ S^ .*'>
<^ ^""c >.S"c2 S
£
PH
«•§ °"'o'2
Future
c-S.S o"S-S"« o
Sj •S2*Jo-a*J2o
r<i T3o2S"32oa
[TIVE:
NDICA
<Hl|
IU*5
u a -v-5
a<- v u v
^Suoyajr'O
?3 (/]r^UO^3J'~ O
Z
\Z£.JZ£>
i--S^: >.# >,~ >••
§ " ~~ x ^"" x
^
V a 3 3 S
tn
•~ o
2
.«-S-«.« §£.«.5
i 7j E^EB
§ a 3.a a.s'a s s
G i. 'C "C 'C 'C "C 'u "C
33S3S333
Q
Z
£2
u
«• -Q -o
U g-M *j C
71 71 71 71 71 71 71 M
EESEESEE
BBBEEESE
O
"J .
aaaaaaaa
S.ao.aS.aaa
OH
aaaao.
EEEES
k* ^
K/ ^
O
o o o o o
> >
^ >
U
OOOOO
I IO
IRREGULAR VERBS
Conjugate in the same manner as pensar, /. 108.
abnegar
dentar
despernar
hacendar
replegar 6
acertar
derrenegar
despertar
helar
requebrar
acrecentar
derrengar
despezar 4
herbar
resegar
adecentar
desacertar
desplegar
herrar
resembrar
adestrar
desaferrar
destentar
incensar
resquebrar
alebrarse
desalentar
desterrar
infernar
restregar
alentar
desapretar
desventar
inhestar
retemblar
aliquebrar
desarrendar
dezmar
invernar
retentar
apacentar
desasentar
dispertar
jimenzar <wsimen-
reventar
apernar
desasosegar
emparentar
manifestar [zar
salpimentar
apretar
desatentar
empedrar
melar
sarmentar
arrendar
desaterrar
empellar
mentar 5
segar
asentar
desatravesar
empezar
merendar
sembrar
aserrar
desaventar
encentar
negar
sementar
asosegar
desconcertar
encerrar
nevar
sentar
atentar I
desdentar
encomendar
perniquebrar
serrar
aterrar 2
desempedrar
encubertar
plegar
sobresembrar
atestar 3
desencerrar
endentar
quebrar
sob reventar
atravesar
desenterrar
enhambrentar
reapretar
sorregar
avalentar
desferrar
enhestar
reaventar
sosegar
aventar
desgobernar
enlenzar
recalentar
soterrar
bregar
deshelar
enmelar
recentar
subarrendar
calentar
desherbar
enmendar
recomendar
temblar
cegar
desherrar
ensangrentar
reencomendar
tentar 7
cerrar
desinvernar
enterrar
refregar
trasegar
cimentar
deslendrar
entrepernar
regar
trasfregar
comenzar
desmelar
escarmentar
regimentar
travesar
concertar
desmembrar
estregar
reherrar
trapezar
confesar
desnegar
ferrar
remendar
ventar
decentar
desnevar
fregar
renegar
denegar
despedrar
gobernar
repensar
1 Atentar is regular when it means ' to attempt a crime.'
2 Aterrar is regular, when it means 'to terrify' (from terror); when it means
' to fell to the ground ' (from tierra) it is irregular.
3 Atestar is regular when it means ' to testify.'
4 Despezar is regular when it means 'to make thinner at the end.'
5 Comentar, dementar, derivatives from mentar, are regular.
6 Replegar is regular when it means 'to fold again.'
7 Contentar, detentar, intentar, derivatives from tentar, are regular.
IRREGULAR VERBS
I I I
Conjugate in the same manner as sonar, /. 114.
absonar
contracordar
dolar
reforzar
abunolar
cos tar
emporcar
regoldar
aclocar
degollar
enclocar
rehollar
acollar
demos trar
encontrar
remolar
acordar I
denostar
encorar
repoblar
acornar
derrocar
encordar
reprobar
acostar
desacollar
encornar
resollar
afollar
desacordar
encovar
resonar
aforar 2
desaforar
engorar
retostar
agorar
desamoblar
engrosar
retronar
almorzar
desaprobar
enrodar
revolar
alongar
descolgar
ensalmorar
revolcarse
amoblar
descollar
ensonar
rodar
amolar
desconsolar
entorlar
rogar 6
apercollar
descontar
escolar
sobresolar
apostar 3
descordar
esforzar
solar
aprobar
descornar
foliar s
soldar
asolar
desencordar
forzar
soltar
asoldar
desengrosar
holgar
sollar
asonar
desflocar
hollar
sonrodarse
atronar
desmajolar
improbar
sonar
avergonzar
desolar
malsonar
tostar
azolar
desoldar
mancornar
trascolar
clocar
desollar
moblar
trascordarse
colar
desosar 4
mostrar
trasofiar
colgar
desovar
poblar
tras trocar
comprobar
despoblar
probar
trasvolar
concordar
destrocar
recolar
trocar
consolar
desvergonzarse
recontar
tronar
consonar
discordar
recordar
volar
contar
disonar
recostar
volcar
i Acordar is regular when it means ' to tune ' a musical instrument.
2 Aforar is regular when it means 'to gauge' or 'appraise.'
3 Apostar is regular when it means ' to post ' troops, guards, etc.
4 Desosar is regular when it means 'not to dare.'
5 Foliar is regular when it means ' to shape with leaves.'
6 All derivatives from rogar are regular.
1 1 2 ERRAR
•Dja 'SSTUI AEUI uo -passim M> 'sstui p[noqs
1
1
.3 |
S -o -a
s 2 "3 "° *
Q u C ^12'E u|'E2 2 ^ -g ^ -eg
u
1
!
, errado
•« O« .S§ ^<^'2*3O*3"3®§ ^^.S^o^^-So
- M g,gj5.S g gj3 b'B(oOXOo-«j3 ,? S£.2-C--.£S-i::;
lei 1^1 Kb ^Jg-Sl-Sit-g ^IgE-EE^s
W "SuouuSo v> "SuoSuSo ^S 5_iug«>4,2o
J> "g i— ' — ~ >> f >S£ >> jo nVJSFif xt! ^ g i— i ~ js >, f >^S X
|
W
a 5 i'S-l-l'S-S-S'S ^ •S'S-lJ-s-sJ'S ^ •S'l'S^-l'I'l-S
i
V
$
s^
•"
1— 1
D
£D ^J •**
u
3
3
O
H
PJ
<
•~» S^^ *j
o o*
5 S. fc*
>5 S -^ 5
J
JO
r
H
II
i
« lisa S « E.2ec
» CnCe 3*333333 ••••••••
UuuuCw&j ufc.i.fc*uufc.u tntntAQQcocncfitn
UUUU^^UU u U 2 2'2 U 2 U U 2 * 2'S U 2 2
«
>.
o
5
V
>
"~
*\*N*S*\***S'> «j)«uo«j>j) uaK'jauiia
60
1
\
*
u
2
>' ^ > > > >
S
J
'E
^
B
4
o
M
c
s3
.2
r
u
J3
M
1
i
t/3
3
^
U
a
s
•5
>
£
£>
z
0
•3
-
*
i
II
r -,
H
H
C
1
s
<<
.2
II
£
H
H
u
w
3
0
£H
S
£
s=
3
1
O
55
5
CH
M
rt
.s
3
»
1
0
h- 1
Pi
I
K
H
H
g
^
CH
§
2
t
O
CO
§
\
£
W
•S
5
5
^
•ssioi O) pasn ^o
j
O
U
.S t>o
J
*
be .S
a
4
•
E '3 .is
•3
v^
|
^ S CB '-M^ -8 "S
a
M
M
O _r if; -2 •- ho « c ^m P %i * • •"
X
2
S .2 'S E be S = >'S-E.2 % .;» .S3 'S E
a
^
Ew i2 ^••"Effiu'--'2Ej2 8 u > *^u
2
Ws°lwe " c ^-2«'i°C££c % «-cg"2T3^c
1
w
U ^ ||^ 1? gJ 1 ^ *|^ Is &l 1 1 «l^ ll &l 1
Is
i
S
§ .
H
iz; §
SiQ
S
1-1 * C tf _ _ «•" _
o 2 M s S * o « s e
>Ta
z
uUUuflsSu 3333-3333 -J>3-O-O33a3
<.S
N<
* -a
&
ERRAR
.2 -S
, ». J
iij5JiiJ
§ i I a-aa
2ut5as-aae5a SuSStttt
•• C h k •• !• §•
kUbkUUbi. . kj
•••••vvfi > r
> > MfchbhbWfe
> oooooooo
•3}a 'snbunB 's
-uaiui lopu«nD
Mag
^ jliblns
s E^egscsg
« l~eg -S
aaaaaaaa 5 832u2222
tttttttt C StCCCttC
.2
w.2'2 " .2
E
.2 E 6'S 6
u
111? 1
rt
- ^^-* ^
O
^
till |
2
^g K | ^
V
A
0)"3 ^ 0> "
> o-o > o
Q
rt^: « « js
•o
B
V
2
«"t!« -
2
M
X — 3 ^ ^H —
eg
E
^ 0^ 0 «~
S I
c a
H
H
b
"S ^> ^j v
O *j
C 0
O tn O
»J3 .2J3
!i!!i!
s _ o c c o
u S c £ J a
£j|««|
PARTICIPL
SUBJUN
lHltS
•j y U 4) S
>,2 S S S t
E E
H
a a 3 a a »
>-
a
TT
'
>§ >
t/3
a
2~
e E B
K
S*o
U U U V U U
w *
c~2-
t fc
L. h U J. b U
w 0
Bda-a
, AFFIRMATI
no .
no •
e o o o e o
B E S B B B
UND TEN
COMPOU>
cxdadd.
ESSES
o o o o o
uuuuu
0
O
2
o
s
s
o
w
o 2
e g
° -8
[^
O in O
I
o --S
H ~
tfi in """ "3
3 I-;?
W ^-^
'SjHil
i
'j
0 •'I'Sl
£L< en «
£ J3 «* S ^S to"
&
u *;•- ie'3
§ 11
2j|^3l
o
V 8 *g M
MS*
.
0
1
.2 1^ ^^
>s >
2
»"aoa?
2«
8 £ 2 g8 8
1
A
O
l^|ll
M
^^^«^^
!
O
d^a
M
tn
u " 1 e *
>
>
"^ ®^'S
H
H
•<
S * 2 S*
S
U
2 * « " es
£
H
^ .2 « "u 'C
z
z
« a s a a
0
.
£
0
u
Q
2
?, O.1fl w c
U E a 3 °
s
do-i^fcU
o
o
0.0.0- a. a.
EEEEE
o o o o o
ooooo
114
SOXAK
'punos faw .
'papanos
'punos pjnoqs M>
^E : sonado, sounded.
c "c
3 3
§ .llJllll
•s •§
il J J 1
i-sl'S'ail
i«i-s iii'Q i °
^ o'S » " ° 8-0 IS ^ ^^3 "'O-j'S «
illllliii Mill alii
OH
H Sc"3,!!"^3
J"J -v* ^OJO^W^O
"J? ""J uo««^o "R °^«o|w^o
Q
y
H
g ijJJIJilJJ
^llljjjjj 1 iiiiilii
-
D
D ^
_ ^^^
J
s
£
^
1 1
3
in
^
s^ ^»
UD
O
"
v>
0
^ s t s
N « E»CB ^ « E^CE
?
•f | » c e
38303330 UDUUDUIIU
5
II
eeeeeecc BCCCCCCC
ri
a
Bi**S* • •
«»«««««« «««»««««
=
0
->
H
*
g
> S
> >: ^ >'
^
E|
'a
o
c1
•B
<T
0
2
V
CO
PQ
W
U
•3
c
o
i
s
3
W
BO
Q
g
«T
2
01
E
J
9
^r
U
c
a
o
(4
•~i
H
H
w
O
!l
0
ffi
J
s
f
V
2
CLi
U
g
)
55
tn
C/3
o
5
«j
o
H
£
i
c
^
a
3
<L>
^
c.
u
>
£
o
H
o
i
H
25
W
1
S
O
1
•punos oj pasn ^o
3
H
fu
'so
3
;_'
.S
j
i
O
u
1
Q E
bo
.S "^
»3 c
H
10
vO
M
£ : sonar, to sound.
o «
O — - «j -o
S | | §
w -v, 8 s s
£ l-si.S, -si
< ll Hill II
« ^ 33°i.«on.
g ^Ill^ll
c 2 -o
CO 3 tC j
- .filllli •« i 1
Ifn |1S 4,!,|,,ii
^ii8|ggi| *1 ll! HI
S lgibM>>ta § §3S"i°8^S
SJuO««J^O f^ "J « 0 S «£ 0
>•*
IB
i— i
H
s
fiifiiii £ *li§
5
E
» S g g g| « i
3033-3333 -u s-o-o a s a CB
Bceeneec ceececec
2
tnmnoioiwciia
«««««§«« ««»«««««
> t
> S > i
SONAR
'panos
'papunos
3 TJ — 3 w
•2P S o §g
I I
u
so
r
soun
y so
r ho
TJ Or0-o"
- -
Si V
I s
th
he
yo
we
ye
th
yo
to n ta tn n <
§ Co tntnwwtninw
oooooooo
•DJS 'snbune 'sea}
-uaiui 'opueno 'is
a TJ-o
<v> -d 3-0 -f CTJ 3
.S o !? o 2 " o *
^» K — <" g— «p!
S S
22222222
aaaa-oaaa
z
u
V
C
i
o
<u « u
e B e
B
tu
o
II
CO
W
hH
PLI
en *C
BBBBBflBB
oooooooo
MATIV
» tn
O O
e e
£ tn
O 0
c e
to
0
I
o
£ £
o o
c e
Z?
M
Z
tl
Sdd«1
u g g 3 O
>' J>
K
H
O
P. -"-1 &< O
—
b
O
o
POUND
eu
S
O
u
aaaaa
EEEEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
•a
o
s
S
en
O
W
c
£
0
T3
6 H
c
C
•a
c
•a o
c
H
_,"C-C
-3- ^ C u
"fl
CJ=
3 ,_
3
O
•a" «"rf
<J
^^
a =
3
9 =
• cu "U »^
1)
3 C
a
r
« o
(U
W
5-
X
O (fl
E ^
1«3 | § o
OH
a
=
1J
£
s
Ic"
Q
3
=
M
i
i
— —
c
J5
u o
e
§"H_5 >_3
•a
tn O ""^ •— T3
•o "^
I o
11
tu tu
B C
>
u
c
IBB
B tu tu
ill
a
o
in
MOOD
liill
o
s s
es
js u *s v
C "U Vd
B
tn
in in
tn
tn tn
JS
W
. « t) " -
o-a'3~-T3 c 3
>
"c"§lo§°^
W
H
^•o^-a's
3 tn Q u <n C w
2
<
o 2 ^ E ^
""S-o c — -a? I
H
y
"s ° o ° *
•3 §"gx If 1^
g
H
B * *,U_S
M-SJS ll X^ I
b
^
M
tu ss 3 a «
£££££
•a
in E»BB
•tu-a-a-a u-cu-a-a ~ "C'C'u'C'I C C t
BCCBCBBB BEBBBCCB
oooooooo pooppoor
IH C C8 3 O
£.5a.b<u
ddddd
EEgEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
1 1 6 JUGAR
-
o
'•+3
r:
-~-
-
a
PQ
i .a »
c <
«r - S
«r w
« S P4
•-1 II W
£ 3 >
I s" w
CO ^ ffi
PQ ^ H
* 1
'"" " fa
> £ °
« z
<5 O
i I
w S
s ?
o
u
o o « '
•»-S E-Suc:
3 3-S-O a 3 3 3
bebebebtbebtbtbe
33333333
> t;
JUGAR
117
neqs .
a E|?g
bhUkhbUU
csaaa-saaa
bi be be be be be be be
33333333
-U3IUI 'opusno'is
I*
« E.2 e B
-lU'CJ 5'53 U-U'S-S
aaaaaaan
be be be be be be be be
33333333
>SE
Jll
l-ss^js-gj
E .£ e c
oooooooo
« §•= P a
22222222
tsaaa-aaaa
be be be be be bt be be
33333333
•"S « E.26e
« "C 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C 'C
o cBswaaaaa
vj be be be be be be be be
33333333
do Jugado, having played.
have or may have played, €
should have or had played,
had or should have played,
have or shall have played,
should have or had played,
B
H
HH t«M •— « HH T-
O
O
rt rt « rt rt
2
o
^Z JI _C — —
a
2
*^ *j *- *-
0 1
£
H
o u u Si
j3 0 0 •
O 4) V V
c c
W
>
t3 » • ""S
o >, o
J
"JJ O O O ^
'o
rt — £ >* O* i-
PH
h
U
O-'§'B'BJ= j
^o
"H,01 o~ o O
O
S!
•O Sf—'Sf w U
"s e
o-^
~ >,
a ^^-~
> >. >>
ijjSii?
gj c «JS s
S j; >,3 *1 >>
PARTI
SUBJU
ej •- ~ ~ •- be
>>* •£ -2 •£ 3
5 •&•&
^t) u*p| «j u'n.
H
0333 3~"
<
C
^
£££££
B
•
W
O"^
hy
^
w
C C
. tfl ^
H
o o
P
x w «
^ B C B
^
!n""
< s*
b; be w
O O tt « V 41
333^33
CO
U
PH
Q
• . . *o
> ^3
t^ ^ ^ bo ^ ^
CO
2
• i Pi CM *J C
p ~,.E,
.-..•..Si-Si-Si-S.
Z
fa
E g g 3 O
< 00
o o o o o o
a
O
BiMMteU
\ ec
B B B B B B
H
PH
aaaaa
E
a
2
S
O
U
EEEEE
o o o o o
OOOUO
.
D
O
O
S
o
s
s
0
w
en
u
...
0 0
"O
•
c c
H
>>
_rt
€ S "
^ /3'x_s
«"— £ >>"ab
"c.
Tf ,ig
W •! >.
CL CI'X—'
"S> °" O-S.E °
o 6 **" S •*"
E
§^J''w
Sx s^s'S s^
•^
^.^-tu
•£.•&
£2 ajijj c.
o
i?>J= >x
•o
*P.-Q^ta- — ^3
. w >
« « w r u E
3 3 3 Jj 3 5
i
u
Q
C
5
Up!
beg,
be be be g be be
^
S
5t 3
S ?t 8 3 S S
a
fj . CJ *j
••••'*"•»
l~tlw"-l|l— *l™»"™»
X.
H
S ••-• u
>
• . U - Q
K
P
aj5 O-a"0
>
<
' OS'S * §1
H
rj
•o ^ be2f 3
s
i— i
be "".„ «
—
p^
s .2 w 2- 'C
b
_
"™*iS — .c j
g
tu « 3 a a
C
,•
!5
u
Q .
O
g d« *' e
^ g rt ^ o
O
U
addda
EEEEE
o o o o o
UUUUU
n8
PERDER
•DJ3
'asoj XBUI ^o
•jsoj ^c 'asoj pjnoqs -«?
WSpf
i
0
u "
tf) O
«
T3
T3
§"° "5
^
1 S I ^
a
~*
iiills^ I ^
t- £
o"°-2 b-2 .S3 £ ^> £
« s
W
Q " 0 u M 0
O""^^ 2 "o-o = ° S
si TJ o— 5r:— o c « — c ** a
J5 O
TICIPL
Q u— gx « «J2.a
O 0 o"1 3~— ' £"5
a MljSg.Slg.||
^•—JS^OSgijo^ S O*J ffiS
I|1i1iitf^i|i|ii|l
"^woSu^o^j— 'jjnoSuxO
c^ i— 1 13 j; x S XT: >, g NH *- x >> ? x~ >,
Jjljjjl
W
ii
<
^s||||||||
[^ j= j! J3 j= jl j| j= J3 ^XJS^^^^XX
Swjjgii'iH
a
H
J
sj
3
ft,
H
p
4 V
b *£•>
" ^trR
tf
—i
R
||
n
g *.,
J § i §
esses I'S"*^*1" «E<SeB
n
o
in £.- e e
UVUVVUUU
3
N
C9 03 8 3 gj^g S Of
VVV^'^VVV 4)^4>V-4)V4>4>
« .- « ,2J ~ ~ .22 ~
^
3
W
Q
adadaada
bl>UUl.l.i.b I.L.L.UI.L.UU
aaaaaaaa ao.aao.aaa
UUL.L.UUUU
aaaaaaaa J
^ "3
j
f^
^
> > >•
> r •-
)
™ c
*\
.0 W
•3
.3
+
C QJ
0
, ,T T3
•Dja 'anbune 'SBJJ «J
o~
0
c PQ
0
-U9iu 'opueno 'is .g
c!
u ^/ CO
e
Bl
3
•^ " W
£ W w
u
^
a
<f> z
c
•£
j
.2 W
0)
SJ
0
|| K H
1
H
« ffi 5
3
.H
a" Hi
S
i
3
* o3
§
o
^
1
»
8 >,
2 ^
a, O
1— 1
H
?:
*
H
i
a
u
O
aj
1
PM
3
j
H- »
•3so| oj pasn ^>
]
O
u
1
^
1
^ '|
0) ^
H
j^
Q |
1 ^
§ J
VO
s
O - j> «
c1 » c' S « t!
" —
M
o
0 8! J -2
a — „ T! £
M1.S E-i-fJ 2 -^ -^ "^
I ^8 s'5
-. 0 M 0
u
W s •§! •>§ S S
> 5 ^o u_g « „ oj2
^iaJsllJ ^ ^-ls-s§
^f^f §i-s §
E
u
a
§11 Jj Gilt
Ililisliiililblil^
Sx^SS^'Sxh
^Jjtllll
«
Q
^
n
FINITI\
« s « n e
•§^!is3
EEC C^J^J u t.
o ««ee
« E^2ce 5 2^22
-2 -2 .2 -2 2 -2 -2 .2 ••o-o B a • •
•o "o ti ^ "o •o •o TJ -3 "5 "5 "5 "3 -5 -5 3
0
•«45-«-« l:S-i §
•o T3 -a -a -a -a -o -o
L.UUUL.UUU
Z
ddddaada
aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa
auuuiiUDU
aaaaaaaa
> £
>- >' >' ^
> >
PERDER
119
i
•
0)
W O
~^
8 2 3
ur«ls!3!JI
ilJI-sKe
^"a-o °2-o'3 2
22-3 o^-5 2 o
»•« 0.= 2 0-SJJ3
|§^S^«&-3
J w o S D.C 5
perdido, having lost.
I have or may have lost,
I should have or had los
I had or should have los
I have or shall have lost
I should have or had los
subtender
tender*
trascender
trasverter
verter
<;
i— ( ~ JS X ? >V3 >>
e
Q
O
« « « B n
^
3)
B
0
*-^
i
s
k
Conditional
CO
O
10 E~ B B
•••••••9
S • 9 •_• S 9 9
•5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 2^
kkkkkkkk
uauuuuuu o e
aaaaaaaa 2X
• .a*
^ > M -s-i
: me not lose
him not lose
>e not, your honor
us not lose
them not lose
>e not, your honors
ARTICIPLE: hal
SUBJUNCTIVE
U
a
J " U " U
t3 o"o eS
k OJ
reverdecer
reverter
sobrentender
sobreverterse
subentender
oooooooo £ o o
1) V O u 11 O
0,
n S u tt ^
s
H
fc
z
O3 3 3 3^
« E.2 e e Q
>!BB
|
f's ^
kkkkkkkk > k?
k k k*2 k k
co A
W ^
BB
UUU-JUUUU u '~ 5
aaaaaaaa ^ aa
aaaaaa
2 S
C^H. s
k/ >' S o e
> £ OB
e o o o o o
B B E B B B
W ^
H §
" E E^ § g
«««»
^^•0*0 *•
V » ^ Ok
'« <
g |
adddd "5
• fl fi B !• Jf
^ i> S S «^
Q"
8
g 8
cu
E £ E E E .»
o o o o o
uuuou -2!
«
"5 4> W 0>£<C
S
O
o «
^
W
c c
O to
•
^
I) ° MJZ
o
^
H S^
% g"S « J u
<u
>
< -I >,
""i l,~ 1 1.
^
*- 3
W ^"""^ '
E 2 „- 3 -S jT
o
•" " In
V
O — _O
S -2^
0) 1) O O 4> P
o
U
*5
M
12
tJ ""3"~ >
SJ L. T3
•5
tf^^ >^
k-a « E S;
§>
•
a
-J"-c2
lisle
^
li
" BBS
a a a « a a
•a-o-o^-o-a
1
0
>T3 S"rt 0
• S 8 ^
£ « « Z S
S 0 8 • J9
%)
D 3J *• k
k k k ^ k k
j2
o
5-,
-2 a a
aaaaaa
s
u • o ii
« -o 2
w
1
w ^-2 -.3
O 3 2n O
>
y •, _ • o
^
— » 2 " o o S
« «J g S 0 w— *
H
H
<s
.2j2a
ditional
211 li til
b
Q
INDIC.
a-2 «'k-C
u a 3 a a
0
•o
B k
I
e
•?
55
fC £ J5 *B JS
k « W
to
4) k U+*
k
•3 i) u '• e
« S.2ec
anaaaaaa
O
PL,
S
u
Q .
« d«*; c
c~ « * 0
SSSEE
« *J U O O
•o
e
«
•o TJ -o -a -a -o -a -a
8
JJ E c« 3 o
a
£
aaaaaaaa
ddddd
EEEEE
> ^
o o o o o
UUUUU
I2O MOVER
3AOUI AEIU M>
•paAom M> 3AOU1 pjnoijs <^
•313
3AOOI IJ12US M)
1LE : movldo, moved.
Q
O
C
z
H
>
^^
=:
%j
hat I move
hat thou move
hat he move
hat your honor move
hat we move
hat ye move
hat they move
hat your honors move
1 1
I 1 sl "si
«6>II^M'- o 1
"•So-SgoE^g E
^gsE^CE-ae^ -o t T3SS
* E =T3 22-o'3 g r? ^-dg-OTsgO
r£ 2^-3 §=3 2 § ^-ggSii^los
^Iti^lts^lHISill
{"jWMlJ'lJMlI}
"0 « 0
^ o,lg§>g|§
k > E o— ° 0 £•«
a2gEb = £>,3
d
o
§
A
•3
u>
^^
1 f •
^ 1-1 — _ „ ^,
•3J3 'IjSnOlJJIE
1
o
H
ai
<
p
R
p
4i. -^
41 g 1 g
3HHA U3HAV Jl
cT
o
u
EH
II
H
Cfl
•
a a
•
1.2 S 5
•/. E* = c « E-'i = =
CBoacBafflcdB 4>i>D4>ojVuu
O
1
0)
02
#
'5
o
M
w
g
s
tit
p
c
11111111
>
ooeooooo oooooooo
EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE
> >- > £
oooooooo
EEEEEEEE
> i
d
1
.s
c/T
W
o
M
^co
s
e
-U31UI 'opuens 'is
1
»— l
**•
r-r] Jri
•—
0
+•>
OQ
s
II
£> CO
.-
c
S
"^
•1-1
0
ffi **
W
u
I
I
H M
1
y~
Ctl M
U
';
tt
j
Ctl
^
&
«
^
oa
04
5
2
CJ
£5
A*
"3
w
i;
0
|
^
H
5
£
g
•y:
*
3
S,
*
•3Aoui oj pasn ^<?
o
w
o
u
>
~u
1
M
s
E
£
* 1
1-1
00
2
a
^ i
s §
M
C
jT
S
(>
M £ M«, -0 B
1 1
0
E
p
C
c
BM
a
i
lllil-fii l 1 i
0
c S
^- >
o
5> o
'>^On£c ^ ^-n "S""
>g>ug>2w
INITIVE:
:ATIVE M
Present
~^ c
> =
2 s
-1
IlfiSi
£ i. E e >, b
3 «> - u =
" ° S «-n c
x >, S >,-5 >,
I1"" ^^^^X^^^-X^
k^s^JrM&xi:
SjwOg^j oj?
•
to
0
*S * UQ M i
s §
2
S
KH
^ ^.
>• ?*•
E.2 S S
~ ,xj tf) « C C
gWgjjN jj Olig
*2 .2 2-2.2-5.2-2 .— .2 ™ i£ .— .-.— i
1111 Sill
> > ?! ^
^._ ._._._._._._ ^ ^.'J'J >.'^'^'J
»*«*>>^>>i*
Sassboss
EEEEEEEE
oooooooo oooooooo
EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE
OOOOOOOO
EEEEEEEE
MOVER
121
I should move
thou shouldst m
he should' move
we should move
ye should move
they should move
your honors shoul
oooooooo
EEEEEEEE
cooooooo
o
tn E.2 c c
22222222
oooooooo
EEEEEEEE
> >
>
illSli
? 11.2 I"3!!
E .2 c e
>>>>>>>>
oooooooo
EEEEEEEE
ivido, having moved.
o
O
I have or may have moved, c
' sliould have or had moved,
! had or should have moved,
[ have or shall have moved,
'. should have or had moved,
solver,
somover.
torcer.
volver.
9
O
E
S
jSjSjHjSjS
u u
O O
C C
O
e
>
O
c <j
'3 c
«-§ 2J
mill
Z
£
UNCTI
u . . . n
S 0 0 0.4J
W
>
p
5^.
r- aj
sT
0 0
I§S"|a«
Ss B cic
S2 > 3-5 >
CIPLE
»-i
«
C3
t/3
S o o o JS -5
§28221
"o o o— i.™
S?
ES
_S^ EJsJi S
H
a .- " — - >
^,Z 2 S Z 2
«w«2^|
JJ
^
§
eg 3 3 3 3 E
a
• * >
d.
fJSJlff
K
«—
a B a E i a
H
'G'?
L
E
OT
R
M
8 0
?! 5 Si | S 5!
H
J|
K
P
EE
EEEEEE
CO
z
W
-"S
;r-
•^
0 0
o o o o o o
u
r
<-'^-'
c
c c
c c e c c c
H
CH
<o ^ o,4j'S
o
z
Q
(X
S B E •* °
1
<g
g
^ «•' § u
Q
8
3
1
U
aaaaa
EEEEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
• ^TcSoS
s
O
• 5= E E a"
M
i. 12
o
T3
' ^
o o
**
c c
O
'_ — -
o
£
^
o u o
E
T5 "'0
5
3_^
"" ° 3 > E 3
u
0 • >"S >
H
•5.S
g E o^o o^
jS
" « | ° 1
OH
^T»
U E - ^ 4) -
5
iV-s « >
^
0 0
s"s ° u ti I
••
0 >— ^^
E S
•o
E i" — "O
•
^
o
I"r "^ 1
u
. » >
> See
E
..cx-lH-S
"3 g ;i « }j
"«
E C C
e) a « B « gg
>>•>«>>
|
G
O
.J
|!|||fc
;» O
s s a o a s
a
O
*- U -w O
4> 4> 1> 4> •— O
EE
EEEEEE
£
S
o *- •• O
•a TS -o-o -o-o
K
w
^•a o'a~
>
>
O '>~'> Q
H
H
"° ° O ° B
N— 1
<
> E c E H
o c ,u .«
fa
Q
s^ii
g
JJ5JJ
PL!
« • *
S
o
u
Q .
u u v > 8 J;
u
S 0- M *J O
> Wg O t JJ
X
£l(2fatj
«> e c e e E
<o c o o o v
aaaaa
S S U U WO
ESEEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
122
OLER
XEUI
pjnoqs
w
j —
S o
S o
O g
H
i_l
k M
§
M
w
' ^ H
•S
H ^
«J
QJO
C/3
fc 5,
t
e
ii
1
* M
T3
O £A
§
o pq
o
"^^ fc "^
•
4>
(X)
1 °
I
£
1 pq
i
CO
5
S" w
to •
a *
0
ii
Z B
ti
ii
4) fij
s -°
.ft
fe
E s
w w
cu &
*• CT,
S y
CO
1 o
co H
«
03
<
tt
H
1 o
PH
H
>
(0 HH
«
* S
1
<J
y
M
^
i~^
a,
t)
^
o
M
2S
0
u
«
.
— CS — T3 c
.— ., « _£• — «
_ ii§ii§ss
£> « 3T3 °2-W 3 2
"*i 2J2-3 o3"3Ji o
- 3m OJ3 2 o M.S
^ Is'Sl**!
5,2|j||RlI
tr 11111111
i"
I
s «
o
» E.i£nc
22222222
u^aa.Uiiujj
•jpujs oj pasn so
vO
u
jj
"o
3AIXVI
5 —
1 1
C y
\l
your hon
we smell
"3
>,
1-2
z*
£ >.
C
i
k$
I wassre
thou was
*
9
JS
your hon
we were
S>>3
&SZ
«
-J
s
>
^
p
g
Z
•
•
S
2
^o
•
71
ai»j!
.2.2
9
E.2 e e
.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
•«<;<;•« o o-s-
iiii
'
Ti.2 n s
u o u o o
W-O'O E 71 U U
"S "5 "o "3 "S "3 "3 "3
OLER
123
'
tP
•DJ3
•p3]|3UIS 40
. u w u
.
E
"5 "s
"** 22 =3*3
ljlfc*iag
•lido, having smelled.
e or may have smelled, <
ild have or had smelled,
or should have smelled
e or shall have smelled,
uld have or had smelled,
•3
o
a
M
a
^
O =5 O
05 3t3 02-T3"3 2
o
p
^ o o
'S
J,
u sme
— c — — a) c
•a!j2"5T3 E_°
1
"3"S OJi 0 §•« J
0 .3^ «-M-g ><l-
s i
0
n
B
•
c
0
*^M««
1
M
1
jls^ll
1
M 2 u o y v y o
— *j — >< £ >,^> >i
e
S-o
« -:5-a S
Z
9
H
Hill
i
x^
s
O "oj e t -r^ S ^-
—
>
X
1
*!
II
o
|
(D
J*!
H •£ ^.
iiiSli
w
UNCTI
. -8
U U W Q
. W "5 4) 2
u 0 0.§J3
u
•o
"3
u
_a
»i
u
o
o«s-sSB
u i- u u u u
O o 'O O O 4>
•2
0
» E.£ B e
p ^
5 E S
H
e •«-• — ' w J3 "~*
*• -G "u 3 *J <y
— _. to ^- ^-< to
H
Oi
<
I
^3'3'3 ° -5
— SOUS -
O U tf! U L. S
V
a
o
3
3
3^3*3 "33
.^
————————
™
^
PH
- U U U Ot3
• .^
oooooooo
Q
2
>
H
xS 3 S S s
JS
.
>y
> ^
> o e c
K
W
£££££
T3
•Dja 'anburn» 'sen
-U3IU1 'opuBno 'is
oooooooo
H S x
g 11
a a ,2 p a 3
• il %•• X X
w
S §
If
2
O
1
•
i sg
O O 0 O O O
B B B B B B
M ^
g Q
li
£
c
o
E
• • *d
rj
s s s s a'a a a
H |
g C.D.J C
U
3
Q
g 2
0,_«fc,u
-3
O
oooooooo
O
O
§ 1
EESEE
1
> ^
J
1 U
o o o o o
UUUUU
U
•5
J"1 o o
S *
H c c
;i
_ 2 — °
d
"rj
e
tf
W f^
lis'sla
i
u o
1
O-i — 5!
£ S o a " o
V
w -^ S E >»
>
M ----•'
2 .1 - M Ji -r
5
"S -"2
*
11
ES^ 3— "3
o
H o*" — "5
C
s
c C
V V § V V 9
B
49 § U 9
"^
O
n3~ «s m £ w
0
^
OT3T3 « W
^- u rt >
<u
•
^
o*:^-G ^ rt
T3
K*
S AHH Cj
•c
_.
>§EB
i
Q
O
u ""£•:: "3
!
** rt
O
A fl8 Q C A A
O
rt rt n r! _g
"51
—i =3
"u S
E §
8 *
^i ^ <ii eB ^ ^
JH
a
J3J3 ^ -ji in
«i
B §
^
= 2 -2
44^ol^
H
H
• o
1
s
3— — ^
£
-- S— o"3S g >
I-H
•^
.««**"
V
E
1
S 2_^ EJ^ g
a
&
s;
T3 §2 ^"32"! °
H
S
I— <
H
<;
u
1
o
s;
[i.
£
J
^
'* =1'* &• =
%
SJ
•^^
I 3 l|l 1 *|
z
5
g
|.2 oil
i
^
«
X
u o S u S o
.s ><S >.-S x
2|jl|SR||
Q
0 S 3 S S
0
•
a
^
^
•3
•^
O
U
|
CO
^
o
OH
L
•/
L
o
ssl'SnB
a
a a a a a'a a s
r'u'cz'C'cz'c
8
b £ d 3 O
1
0
O O O O O O O
oooooooo
da add,
E 2 S S S
a
^ ^
^; >'
o o o o o
>
^ >
UUUUU
124
COCER
EGETABLES, BREAD
ICIPLE. cocldo, boile
Q
C
?•
H
O
a
H
C*
<
s
!
.=
H
ft.
§
ft.
NCTIVE
jj*
w
&
6
<
n
PQ
CO
a
_
o
#
t J
ti
o
O
HH
c
<u
CO
'S
^
O
pq
'5
^2
CO*
co
U
0
H
II
ENSES
O
•o
V
1
«r
II
H
u
—
CO
i_,
II
(4
U
K
£
1
o
£
O
o
o
-
co
U
h
CO
In
PQ
ft<
«
"S
ti
-
0H
u
W
H
t>
£
>
^
w
W
<
ffi
«
I
0
O
—
z
S
HH
0
1— 1
1
>
H
2
H
O
i
U
p
u
g
o
U
>
u
H
£
•DJ3
'[ioq XEIU
•pajioq jo
'|ioq pjnoqs
I I
_ o _ o
••="f '9"? "S^ff
r^ i;C-— CT^— -n? r^ p^-^
_ xs
K^ rtrtrt^rtttrtrt
36 s
_| § .£
°3'at'«t|¥| H
ft
« E.2 = s
22222222
E.i = c
N N N N ~ - N N
Vi^^J-NN^j;
•jioq oj pasn
. r. § « e e
N u u u v^v u y
saaso^sa
uuuuuuuu
« i*ce
r. - r. - r. - r. -
UUUUUUUU
eeeooooo
uuuuuuuu
uuuuuuuu
"3°<uoCJ'oc)o u
^.•SxxSx-x «
«
a-o-e Eln i* a
COCER
125
'jioq
•pajioq
<J u u ii u
o
'5_ 0;-_
'S
x
B
o
S J
t
II should boil
thou shouldst boil
he should boil
your honor should boil
we should boil
ye should boil
they should boil
your honors should boil
cocido, having boiled.
I have or may have boiled,
[ should have or had boiled
I had or should have boiled
I have or shall have boiled,
I should have or had boiled
<j
V.
9
•DJ3 'qSnoi|
'sjiqAY 'u3qA
:''«
'i
a
O
0 o
0
•o
u
Z
C
o
s
H
•5 •£•£•£•£
^
tA
•^*
512n2nan«^««
s °
a
>
o cj o ^
S
O
«£««§!
B B
s
.c
UOVV-V<u4>U
illlilll
0
— J " °
"3^ S^'S 3
j:
U
0
jr,
0 1 1 °1.JJ
tj O O O ,fi
"222 3
'u 'u 'u 'o 'o 'o
'o'o
"1
> >
O '"^
•5 | >y § ^
hJ
OH
o 'G 'G ''3 ~ o
•0000^-5
o o o o o o
u u u u u u
O O
u u
c
>
U j_( ^""^
||§Sa§
U
pa
•5 u o o o .
o a u o a o
>
>
oooooooo
> .i-t 771
S«|«S|
H
(^
en
u C 2 u C'Q
O
rj
<
C8 3 3 3 3 ^
•oj3 'anbur.B
-U9TUI 'OpUBT
'SBJ}
D 'IS
Ml B * f f"
en c .— c c
ui-ui-ui-ui.
u
!?
Q jn ^
>
PH
H
Z
£££££!
If
OOOOOOOO
uuuuuuuu
g il
N N N jj N N
c/;
CO W
W P^
JSJ3
1
a
b
> ^"
H ° °
CO 5^
«!^'~' • "^
g
y
2 B B
B E B B B B
z
JJ O. Q.^ g
0
z
S
M
H "
fcjsjsfco
s
«
z
O
eLdadd
S
^
Q U
ESSES
V
OOOOO
Q
D
OOOOO
•S
lT
8
2
s
s
I
1
0
s
"J
>
U)
O
1
H
0 O
c c
•jj
0
<J
0 — 0
^
•" y 1>
— /-s.
— = •=_ '3-c
o
"S n-T
W ^x-s
'3^ s7?"0 3
^
•a - «
&H — ^
•^ ^ 0X1 £ 0
1>
jj . jy ^ 77-
S
<u.S >•« S x
1
"a> •*- O T3 _Q
—
sa
^^
^- ~
'o'o
u'tJ^'S S^
o
if-a"0^ >
£
*
I
"3 j
^ -a
^x
""^ "°.
o
llwJI
y will boil
\ honors wi
X
s
J
1 1- =1
c«<'ce
coced
>§BB
a « es | M s
N N N g N N
3| 8 « O fi H
u u u u u u
"o
s
b
Ji
03
c
c
S
M
>
lifil
<n S v o y v
w'Sx; >,? >
•- o
»3 X
' 8
1 3 |"|-S | 1|
£
S
o f «•*
_, x Ji P j ^x °^
U
u
V'|§2"3
s
«
t*
—
o'o'o'l o
i
0
to E._
• a-a'-3-3 3-i
B B
11
S
o
« E.2 B B
« 3,2.2^2 2.2-2
"C 'C C ' u 'u 'C 'C 'C
H
S
5
U C9 3 3 CS
§§§§§1
u u u u u u
U U
0 0
u u
uuuuuuuu
oooooooo
uuuuuuuu
s
U
>
>'
> >
s
0 .
o
i_ C «< 3 O
aaaao.
ESSES
OOOOO
OOOOO
126 DISCERNIR
'ujgosip XEUI jo "pauaaosip jo -sip pjnoqs
fc
rt
u
PLE : discernldo, discerned.
:TIVE MOOD
hat I discern 1
hat thou discern
hat he discern
hat your honor discern
hat we discern
hat ye discern
hat they discern
hat your honors discern J
£ 1
(U Q
B . J ' -c "S
S -a c £2 F £
_ 2 p-r 5 c <o 3 S
E^S §S£S2 S g
IJillil!
fc_,o2c-523e r? c°!r>c4;'-"s
Nllillll i IWljlJ
sl§"s^&g ^|g:Sif*i'i
^ _e«os;«)^o ii yuoS?f.c°
j; M Q j is p >,-5 >. g « •£ x >. % >< « >»
^iiuiiii 2/Jillilii
!
bO
•r- >
a
3
C/3
i— i
Q
8
ii
PAST PARTICI
SUBJUN(
J3.
i «
V
h
§ -^
t.
8, ^
Es •-$
tn <«
o e
aSaal-Saa «S««i'SSS
>• *
h-3
SB « C C
fl3 03 3 jf! flB 8J
'O
fa
bo
gggBpagg
BBBBBBBB BBBBEBEB .•
£*
*
f^j
§
^3 %i .'U So ** *" ^1 -i*
^
H
O
"S
Q
w
o
scern
in in a> « »,2.2.2
•3 -5 -3 -5 -5 -3 -3 -o
^oooyw^^ oooyooy^J *rt
Wtotfltfitficotwtw (ntAtAcncni/iw.^ *^
•5:5:5:5:5:5:5:3 •5:5:5:3:5:5:5^ .g
^
CO
•o
• > iC > "S
03
h- 1
^
*>
j> >^ . jj
CO
V
Q
W
o
^
r> •> C
•c
TO
W
e
p.
0
"I
W
w
£
2
rt
±>
•jf
PH
W
t>
^Q
co
w
I
S
S
0
^
a
•3
1
1
-
w
a.
w
c
1
OJ
E
S
i
CO
«
gg
H
w
u
M
PH
e
P^
H
•i
W
V
en
IV
O
1
^
c
PH
0!
A
"M
•-U433 *
Pi
O
^
a
-sip oj pasn M
5
h- 1
H
U
en
i
U
>-^
<^
S
•6
bo -5
O
W
O
p
04
R
1
bo Jj bt.2 "g «
<y|
i — .
PC E
cd
t-H
O
0
S E fc
.2—o «
c 5-S w F'c S u a) o M-
•2yCrtSj^"U> O tfl " —
u
^
Q
o
-§1^, EB
^aj^^tjS •2T-jT3'c v
0
~-^ucOtcSo
s
coCaJjtoc
C«iuoouwo
^rt^ljjuwo -^ £3gSo«.2§
M
u
S^ S^.Sw^-
*^4 (/l&^J34jS;^X g» y'^«'£-.2w'3'^
IN
"e
w
s .9 S'8 [a'°'0 ^<h
^ 5sSb^S>>5 *§*:a ^'"^ g'73'1' ^3
M
h
"" ^^ v o S u^c °
~J^ _§ u o S S,x ° o 'Ox4)°te4)-c2.
1
1 (
£|~
t"' | ~
M
Q
w
S ^ «BB
g
. 1 BC
AfiAAHMfiQ
. E.2BB 5 ^,§522
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 «-o-« E * u «
BBC C'E c e c
CCCCreGC
•s-s-s-s S «-s-a
BBBBEBBB BBBCcBCC
fe
I-H
•o ^ 13 ^ -a -o -o -o
•013 -0 "073-0 •0,3 73 -0-0 -0-0 -0 -0-0
•
> >
>- > ^ >
DIS.CERNIR
127
ua^jsip 1 1 '••'-t3 •**'
^_ «
t ~
k.
—
—
V.
-
e £
B
u 2
T3 "O
s 1
p .2 -o
§ ~° CT3
•s £-3 £ E §1
ido, having disci
t I have or may
: I should have c
"3
o
i-Si
f 1
*B
A
c
3!
. I sh ould have c
iscerned, etc.
"o
\
I
IcfeEE^o
|||if ijj
.2 s'-o tj^Tj >,§
^l^gS^li
2_°-3 g 3-3 J 5
M 0 " 3 « " ^^
discern!
oon
thai
•5
•5
r: T
X
V
o
retain the
-•=.£ ^JwJ
^5x ^S^X
M
* 2
13 o
S
s
u
J
•3
|
'aiH{Al 'U3l{M '}! ^T
V. ° "s
V)
o
» E«ce
D9959999
UUbt.Ul.UU
M
>
discern (thou)not
discern (ye) not
let me not discern
let him, her not dlscerr
discern not, your honoi
let us not discern
let them not discern
discern not, your lionoi
ARTICIPLE: habier
SUBJUNCTIVE
haya discernido, et
hubiera discernido.
hubiese discernido
hubiere discernido
hubiera orhubiese
nido, etc.
ler, concerner, and tl
OOOOOOOO VS
• • «_• MJlJlj ;~
•o'OTj'd'OTS'a'a
<
a
fc
B
IT
c
3)
•O 13 T» TJ T» "O fl "O g
> ^
t:
w L>
h
c
h
O
u
• > r<a
^
> e
B B fl
Jz;
*.
*c
.2
> £^
ooococoo
O
•/, tA
9 9* Sis
O!
^i
'
% ,
•
^
£c
C C C g C C
M ra
•
•
TJ
M
•oja'anbune'sEH
-U3UU 'OpUBUD 'IS
»> E.inc
C3SSSSS33
M
I-
0 0
a) tn
o o o o o o
U
e< "
Pk £
—
C-
E
44
3
fa
B
0
O
J,
*E'E e c c c'c c
r*
4
5
T3T3
0 O
^ —
o e o o o o
C C C C C C
2
W
S »•
§ I
c.
S
o
0.
o
B,
o
a
E
o
^
^
O 0
u
o
CJ
o
"
oooooooo
Q
CM
.5
•5 -5 5 -5 -3 -3 •« -3
^
2
C
|
^/
o"
0
> >
c
c
a.
«
• s
i
•-
**
C I. "^
0
•a
,
"•a"
«
H
Co o
o c 5
0
c
S
T3~ C
2
^>
co 2 £2
0 'S
^ £
c ^
K)
H
3
O ' ^
g'-S u g «7
T3 *O
o P
||
V
K
•S&
.a-* ^s'"^ ^
<u e
= —
'•3 u
O
—
'N— '
*O K ,^ C *-
B 0
i s
4) rt
*
s
b o>
llfsll
~ .2
^ _c
~~
|g
be
j
*""
JJ
*j ^j ^2 *j -^.2
« G.^
™ ^
'Tj
*C 'O
^4 • 'C -^ pS T3
® n*
^ u
rt O
•Q
£
2 c -
— ">
"M-M
h
c
n sj
^i
e o "
HM ^,
HH HH
"E
E «
o t«j
1> ® ^
S o
E
E 1 E=^
S.S2 *o
*^
w-o
£S
999393
u t- t. ^_ u u
»2
•3 w .
a "S
S «
CJ
S
0
u
ojtnu*you3(n ^
.£ "^.22 o 'S ,J2 *^ o t-
•S v
o o
.2 *
•3-3
O O O O O O
l|*
5g|
c '^
:ernid(
cernid
ja
B
>
^ ^ ^Sx^^'S-^ ^
"3 s gx _g g S —
W Q u
u J
Sa
'•?
g^g^^1'1^^^ >s-
''X 2 ^ g m S ^ 3
i> ^ *
•3™"
•S'
S
[> •
«-S^ £,! SJ.'S >-
H " :g
.2 a
U'C
1
cececcce ecececce
81 D D 1) U 1) 1> UljajlJlJDUli
ooooooo oooooooo
•••••••• •••••••j
Q .
• a *O
aa&aa
EEEEE
o o o o o
ouuuu
fc^-
Pj
E
128
SENTIR
'pa} [[E
tj Q o
•*J'*^3't3^pC — *3 ® ^»
a) i>
•2 I 8 J-J-^ll
isJ3g|l|ie * §^ ^§
^g1l|lith'5|gihSi|>f
O O
— c — c
>^ 3 a^ «Jj >.! £-S 2,
"? wJx 1,1 >>•£ >. §«Jx ?,? £,-5 1
^^'u^'u-S^J
rrt J — rt^5^**^*^S
i? rt««1«rtrtrt« t)j rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
Jj ^ o"*" S^1*" 4?3
TjVx ~ ~ — ~ — ~ — ' ~ jz -c x -C ^= x A
S ^H "^ .fi >, & >i'1" >,
| W « UrT **
S i **
_. o w £ 33 a,
•S3 ^
f<, , QnoulIB
J 1 fe 5S
t4 f
'ajiqM 'uaqM 'ji
3 So §
™ O ^.^ »H ^
W),c £_, w w
^ ^
1 § ^ §
§
"5*1 II * . jj.CC
C8QlQS63cQQ3cOGQ UIU^UDUU^
x E * B B
££££££££
o|g fff||l?c
B.BBBBEBB BEBBBBBB
BEEEEEEE
^3 5 pH tocfltfltAcncAtAiA
contototovimcn tfitotfiucfltfitfitA
tB<aa><n<otf)ta<o
III >- ^
> ^ > >i
> ^
~ jt! CO £f
"DJ3 'SIlDUn'E SlMl
" ^ eo "^
-U3IUI *OpUBnD'lS
eS r^ w o1
"~* W Cd 'O
^ 0 >M g
n-i !2 Zs
^ § wgl
0 to (TH ^ »
IP§3
1 ^S £-1 s «
I T3 /^\ HH CJ
r/j j; U co«
PQ d g
^ ?! 55 <
MH D .<•. n
W 0,2
^12 H w
rt ^C —
OS *j r ^ &^
3 ^ H^
t3 . S*
•paj oj pasn ^<?
o.s o
g 1 y ?
M
M .5
^ c "3 "«
.5 •£
_^
^-, 0)
*o3 S
I"H "i K. 3 H
be *** tc 2i
•S
J, M Q t u
C w CaO ^C w ^, ^S
— • r^
tjr*aJ E ^ S *^3 l> *4* **^
— ^ ^H ^
SO w <-• "t" ">
"^^^^"S^iiS ^ *• £2
JJ^ "a3^ S £
E s "t S o
^wJjO-^^iuO -w O O
'a3**~'<u C'^H4'**^ o
« 8 -§^ »§ •« §
^^^ o^^rn o
0 w ^ils'ii^B
« g^-^«
^0 0 ^ = 1 * « = ^| 0S 3^ JT3
5«^ S SLggJS SLCNZJ S » > «.e g.
^^^^ OM >» > ^*j ^ to HH*rf^S >>^ >>*j >>
|M«jUKlK
g S 5
^ "^ /
•
JJ E fc «
O ^sj tfi •«• C C
C T
« E.2BB 2 c-222
.u48-«^s S-'S-S-a
i— i otii>i>^.2i'«
•S'S!-5!-5i u 1-I'i
EEEEEECE CC.^'ECC'e'c
EEECCECE
taotininiototata
<n<ntna><A<Atna> <n w » tn »: » x »
m<eta»iv>i/)ta«
> ^
> si > £'
> ^
SENTIR
129
u u u ii '
I should feel , "|
thou shouldst feel
he should feel
your honor should feel |
we should feel
ye should feel
they should feel
your honors should feel J
o sentido, having felt.
I have or may have felt, t
I should have or had felt,
I had or should have felt,
I have or shall have felt,
I should have or had felt,
8 § £
4) tU O
EC*
•o
g ^JJ5J
to
03
S
, i 0 U 0
o
W « - - u
8 l-Bfl
0 0
0 — 0
_ — jz "3.C
W
OH
> ,; " U to
£_j o • « . a)
•si o o o «
H ^-0 73 -o .0
O ^ '-M '-M ^ y
Ililllil
0
-I
1-2 |8-|
u
Z -O E E E* u
t> s s a a >- .
ۥ1=1
*J > a
>
bk.hhi.bi.1. H
2'u
- o >.^ g g.
c " *r 2 c —
|l §g|§
PS
<
_ ^ to to to o o
— V B3 4) 1) CQ ^
£> * u 2 U U"^
/, a .- .- ._ ._ E
aaa
oooooooo <
0
Jj>S
^^J^sJ
fc
0*3 3 3 3 »
a
8 *
w
in
•~>— ,
• 3 « • H § S §
>SEB
CO
H
c n
V
£~5~«~£3 >
5 ;S
a a a E os a
w
CO
0
11
8
S
8
.ECBBBEEB E
SB
'B^^^^'E
2
Z
K O-O.JJ'B
S
tototatoioiotata <
S
« ta
« to to « tn to
H
o
S
> tt £
o o
0 0 0 0 0 O
OH
^
i^
** ?•
B B
B E E E B B
Q
aaaaa
•j;
v • ' <c
Z
o
EEEEE
0
w
^
u
o o o o o
•V4 U I* «
Q
o
2
CJUOCJO
E « «
O
s
• i «>££
J5
0
J
w
!2
O o
0
' ,
C B
h_i
-J U o
IM
• •
<!
H
3
U
>
aj u ^J
Jj
O ^
J^ = U^ 3
1
»T «J *r
W
--b
C *S \! 2 J3 ^
0
^3jf^
OH
TJl)
B o Tj >S U
.E.EEE
^ 1) -*j • •
«:>! = jc±i!
^^C^u."^^^
i>!3u — ^i>r"i>
"S S 2 Sr.Sf.s.i
•O "O ^J T3 ^ -O -O -O
H « o 5 3 1
*^ H »«*•*!
iz; <
r u
5 S 8-2 •
£* — to S ,
to E.2 c c
.2 -2 .2 .2 -2 -2 .2 2
Q .
xtS «c
: a 3 o
•5 -a u w o o o o
aaaaa
EEEEE
o o o o o
OCJOOO
130
EKGUIR
ERGUIR
vT fe"^ * o 1 > 2jg
JS x
•S S. 3 ~ ^ 3
p
J
>
SI Oto^"*^^-^'^w
"S^
b£ 3 >i^- 3 >.
c
U O
u *o
>
^ ^ 'O •£ "*3 .C »ri w
2^
3 rt ^ 3 5 "
p»!
o
^J "5
« «> C
>
*s
« w rt to
C B
1 lilllFl
|1
iiisli
•Z
*z
o"
0 0
!2 2
O di m OB
T) ~ > be
•= * . «3 .«.
9 at 9
be be be
.L. U .1.
~ ?
be be
^ •SoM3![!I"u>3
-° u
•" i| 5^ S 2
•C
—
!2
be So
U "*• ** 3 O
o o o
0 0
^ «-5^ ?,& &S x
B -g
o£5|2S
•3
J3
S
U 0
* o o 15" c
e e e
E B
is ^
Si -^
l«Ji«J
-f
g
s
2 |
1 §! J
•£ >>
2 c 'o 'S S
^
J
i —
^
2 2
2 Z? |
^
'« 0
1 «S««|-sSg \
o o
ll|sl|
2
M
1
5
£
* |
I J" J
>
> i
e c J2
§ Ill.il.lll 5
II
J5l««l
s
a
M
o o
S 3
a a a « i -
be bo be be be —
^"5 s '5 "a '5 'a "5 S
egffPFFPP *
^
•S
1
« "5
§ '*•
en
D
•»•« N
**'** •£
^4t>*^4^«(sl*«^«M O
• '/ ^-
_^
£
s s— '
o
• > <
SN
> o e e
e
^
CJ
d a
j "e ^
1
> > «
—
0 0
be be be 03 be be W
but. bci-'i-' W
«s ^ j^-fc li, p^ 2
o o o o o o ?
B B E B B B H
S
^.
^
e
T3
1
o.
o
0
E E
c. o<
E S
0 0
0 0
3 O o
"s
a a =
E E -E
00 _
00 I
B
Dnd class, /'i
oooooooo «
i- i
ai E .2 E B 5
oe««4»e«<j b
Q
8
'o
Im
u
E '3 '3 "3 '3 '3 '3 "3 ^
Z
o"
<J • -H
a,
t£ &
rn
.u .*•.*• .*• *• t v- u Q
D
0
S,
2
§
f
^tftS*
^c
. .
f
** ~ O
^ ^- O
?
^
"£J *Z3 -—
"O
^ L>
S|
> s
o ° n
h
lo
"w-goa0
c
«
"
« M
c c »
*
D
|'.i
Ij-s
_«
« .
«
r*
_^*
" ~s t. >,^- fc.
2
r^
'x"/- t^
_y <l
B
s a
>
H
_>, ^ W
^ | ||
|-||-|tt|
Isiiflll
S^i n % 5 g-c ^
throw (thou) back haughti
throw (ye) back haughtily
let me throw back haught
let him throw back haugh
:hrow back haughtily, you
let us throw back haughtil
et them throw back haug!
ihrow back haughtily, you
UND INFINITIVE: 1
UND PRESENT PAR
MOOD
I have thrown back hauj
I had thrown back haiiel
(when) I had thrown bac
I shall have thrown bacfc
I should have thrown bat
ond and third persons sinj
: thus,
If
>>'
ll
<£ .
ia
_«
"3
U
1
"o
_rt
"o
s
Ic
o
§5 '^><-)>5rtO^*J
C
0
M
. y
o
be be
•a
> rt o^'O--1 rt > 13
~
J>
i:
^ *•' 4J
W ^
ff
g
«* i^MlllI
>
C
Z
C
H
^o"
o* «"•!
HI
i
? bJ2^ . •£ _r- *"! »
£>' S
U
r i
-!2
•^2 '5
(C ^
o a
u
_c
La ?««£«?
3_°
«-^
EEEES
OOOOO
OOOOO
132
ADQUIRIR
i
•aainbDE ABUI ^o
•paainbDE..
•DJ3 'aamb
-DE ppOUS M>
I
1
'
D
I
->
'
= TO ACQUIRE
PAST PARTICIPLE: adquirido, acquir
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present
|ii ra that I acquire 1
|u/Vras that thou acquire
(U.vra that he acquire
|U iefBi that your honor acquire
1 u i rum os that we acquire
|uirais that ye acquire
(U.vran that they acquire
ju/, ran that your honors acquire
Imperfect {First Forni)
luiriera that I should acquire
juirieras that thou shouldst acquire
luiriera that he should acquire
luiriera that your honor should acquire _|
luirieramos that we should acquire
juirierais that ye should acquire
luirieran that they should acquire
luirieran that your honors should acquire
Imperfect {Second Forni)
luiriese that I acquired
(uirieses that thou acquired
luiriese that he acquired
luiriese that your honor acquired
luiriesemos that we acquired
luirieseis that ye acquired
luiriesen that they acquired
luiriesen that your honors acquired
)
«
•g 13 T3 13 -a ^ T3 -O
iiiaviaa
•a -a -a -a -a -a -9 TI
wa^'O'owo'o
i
t
4
i— i
«
i
> ^
> t
i
1
!
^fr
—
.—
^
r^
1
U
P
3
O4
3
§
o*
rt
d
r
g
«
o"
i
1
D
^=
<;
•Jl
C
4>
a
)
>
CQ
a
tn
i.
u
3
4)
P4
2
*5
^
H
|
W
-J
H
s
^
V-
>
^
>
SI
j
S
JU
w
W
J
o,
M
cu
o
—
c
v5
DC
s
3
c
H
03
U
H
\
5
u
<n
r_
C*
ft
,fl
«
3
2
e-!
r*H
O
<:
PH
•sarnb
o
i
>
H
-DE oj pssn jo
*
z
, ^ ,
p
o
M
^^
*
i
^^^
CO
u
C
H
H
04
5
<
OH
"3
o1
3
O
rt
tc
3
B
«
B
j
^
Q
/>
rt
'n '3
'3 t3"
_, *a
2
H
o
u
M
juirir, to acquire.
^DICATIVE MO(
w. 01 u
L I 1
•s %i « oS
3 Tisliiiii
..^ .tl 0 3 0 3 3 J 0
^ 2-«5~%5a-t
« I rt 3 * « 5T3
«5»^I^"S§,
w a- ttg
1 ff " Sps §
l/frfFglfl
^•3~80«£4>0
HifJftM
"iliUEJI
" a>
i •§
1 « | 1
* Jl fill I
^ Irfii'sl'i
•J^ 3 « 0-— J 0- « J=
Q g<3rtt«B>,b
•> rt^sl|!i^|
MM 73 X >i > >^Z >*
•o
^5
01
«
to
wJ2 c c
a
oS««l«8S§
tn E.'- e B
2
^s « a e« s es S3
U5 -O "O C tA 1* U
H
b b b b •— .— b b
"b *b 'b *b *b 'b 'b C
'b Z 'u 'b 'b 'b 'b 'b
S
aaaaaaaa
'5 '5 'a 's '5 3 '5 '5
33333333
fa
•o -o « ^ •& •& ^ ^
^^^T*^3^T3"O
•o -o -a -a tJ TJ T3 -a
fc
ADQUIRIR
133
JJrf
w
.£
'3
« 1 *i " "
- 1 -I
s 1 £
S 1 I.S2.-I1
1 1 .SS-lll-slJ
u <« 3 ~ cr-j u cr « ">
§„,».„ £ £ 53 • b " "2 §
•3 j> o e j» 3 ° B 3-n cis-nla
iHJilll osJIgiljJ
Isnfilt 1 s^ti-si-
*.§ i> o <" ™x o ^""2"§u«^o
h "
| u§
item when tonic.
habiendo adquirido, having acq
E MOOD
that I have or may have acquired
:. that I sliould have or had acquire
:. tha t I had or should have acquire
:. that I have or shall have acquirei
that I should have or had acquire
'o
> •5-2-5
O
c „
f|l|l|
c
W
_I
B ^44®«
^ » E .2 e c
•S'u'
* 0 'S' " ° t?
p.
cu
*5 * Z Z Z jo u
It
!.ii«ii
V
u
H
£2-3 a g £ *
£ .i: IT or v* 0-
3 ^ ^ *O *~ ^5
1; D « u-u t i) « « """"'§.!•!•!•
TIVE
11
£ x 3s1*- s
w *j ™*j — ™
^^^^^ s
i
PH
t> o-a a a c .2
w "2 a u « a .i:
a u * u u a
fa fa fa M fa fa fa fa ^J T3^'O^^T3>d^
<
be
a 5 S « « §•
*5 '5 '5 3 'S 3 '5 "5 a a a a a a s
wwwsry *• >
•O "O "B t3 "O ^ fl "O >* p>
g
a
Z
>
C
o
H
%
a^s's s s «
aasaaaaa ^^^ui.i.v.1.
0
*.2
"oT « • § S S
!&
c/:
>' ^ ooooco
** o
v E * c c
H
S
ll
333333
1
w
U
0.
IT
•Dja 'anbunB <SE.II 22222222
-usiui 'opuEro 'ts a> u jj _»; ;JJ ,JJ J* u
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
RMATI
a a
o o
e e
a a a"a a a
o o o o o o
e p e c e c
ill have
u
H
O
55
«dd^i
33333333
5T o- 3- g- CT 5T 51 3^
I
"
•
Q
&
E g g 3 O
"ffl'a'fl'2'a'flaa
V
g
Q
bO.O.O.0.
> >
o
Q
C
3
o-
01
0
0.
U
EEEES
ooooo
ooooo
* !^
^
O 0
£
O
0
ui
tc]
c c
•c
o
13
** o (5
^~
u
p.
V
CJ
2
^^
4) £. "~^ a; '3 *r
rt
•;-
^ -1^
r;
s^
"S*|,g-| 5"o
e
O"
u tj.Sl'3
ci
5^
rt rt ~ w £ -
o
rt
u
"u =•'= o
'-'
U flj
e o rt *" ^J
•o
E
'S *c" (^ O
h
v. tj-
"3 *3
1^'s 3-5*3
td
X
iligl
^*
If
•*-» ^_. O"^j *j O^
*c
o
"-1
rt rt
^ — ^ — — , rt
u
•8
u c-"~* rt "^
bo
c
o rt ^~"^*3
u £
>S ^
'3
'3
O5 5 j: -C -1-
J J=-r y; en
.s 1 'I 1
II £ S
«2
lee
222a22
C
Z
er
•o
a
O j
" rt '3 -c D S"0
'^ U
•*•* -Si -Si «• '^1 *Si
3
** ^ 5J ^
V J2« £S ^-s«g'""3--£i'3"§
3 3
333333
IT
1
^ « 0 **«•§
TJ'O
a
•- ^S * O'g CT « ti D"to U rt ? * "1
a a
a a a a a a
•0
H o"C-j;J«
f^j§=«s§ Islii^^li
u
a
NH w ^ CT" ^^
= ?5-2=^ gfsg^jg^
Z
>
^ g "^ "^ "2 fll
!§SiSl5S1S ^lls = ^« =
^^uo^w^o ^S^o^^®
'5
9
H
2 "0.2 *'£'c
>-« « — >• Z >>— >< ^-^ I-H is j: x ^ >-~ >^
•9
2
u d 3 HI af
E.2
-s-S-a-aSs-a-a .5.2.2.2.2.2-2.2.
faCfal»G|faJ>Ii 'i E fa fa fa fa *; ••
33333333
f T y sr a1 o" cr o"
•0-0^31
33333333
TS -o -a TS •« « -a •o
ci.ae.aa
EEGEE
ooooo
OOOOO
134
MORIR
•psip
*
.a"
W
. T
•3 '"S
«r
& §
O § o u
1 1 1 al ? -g 1
rS to.S-S S.^'TS * ^ --g
i—i
H S T3 T3
OJ
* w s
^*3*o °"^'^*p o *^ — ( _- o
1
|
w
.^_
^ S: 1 ••! „ J « vll
s •ils Jlsll I I'sJonUI
1
o
[o
-c
Q
H h 5 •- 3^ a'^TS >^3
S ^jv-o^ooFu^o
^ ^ 3"«'S ""S ><t2 r5; -2 s'-S S'o;3 ><3
O-^Juguu^g 2>2aJ&8ftaR
I
-1
3
H
51 llll-S-S-55
'^•£'£-5'5rS'£'5'S ^•S'S'S^S-S'S-S'S
:
•B
jj
«. * s •
i
M
O3
^* O S^u O
>
O
to
o
'^sSaaE'5aa ^«S«iaS'SSB
5
4
c
0)
hH
g S a a |~ « a
I
3
<
3
O
g EEEEEEEE
iiiiiiiE iiiiiiil | E
11
•5" ^* ^.
> t > t "o "3.
r
o
PQ
o
^ > S :§
3
•a
-S ^*
s
tn
PH
C/3
B
.2 cu
H
g
<u
w
w
j
* 2
u 5
3
.1
w
2
W
(H
i
s £•
•e -|
|
D
u
is
W
H
W
a,
M
OH
U
u h
1 1
1
[~T|
S
"M *^
3
DM
TJ
O
03
s
<3 ^
ho 2
3
3
rt
g
z
0
h— 1
OH
H
u "C
4) O
1 s
»
S
H
W
C/2
•sip o; pasn ^o H 1
i
O
§5 "3
s 1
u
6
CM B
M .S ^r
•ff
i
'S
>—>
•a
S1 u
3
o
'Z
S M «
M » «u -0 "g
3
s
O
Q 3- --3 '^
•g. M*. B ^'>, ^ u '-3 ^
J
0
u
O :g u S
tc-o c ^.'S.-c'o £ "3 v. £
i
^
^
"1
OJ
ir>
n — o o
y o w i
S -SJ M o .Ǥ
^ — ^*o ^ .^ w aj "5 «
.5 «'>,O'O^>U O !y *J O
>>">'cc,,1'-Q •v. »j c ^!c
„ •*! «J | fi |J a ^3'0J'S'0-" 2
|H
II
•3 •* S ^ S ° S S.-S S
C1 js 2 9 > ^,— ^, C) -c 2 2 * Sj: o
0
s H s: ""
f.
e"
C Q ^
<; .s
*C i— i
o p in
§ ^ »^BC
to
c
Ex, <a 2 E B
S e u « « E « « u
E - B & 5 °*J 2 2
M
E? staasooaa
oooooeoo oea^so-^a
ti
EEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE
H . .
>- ^ ^ ^
Z
MORIR
135
4>
1 I
S3 2
J> "-3 o UJ2
.2 -3 -S «•£ 2 u'-S"
SS .SJ-o'-S uTKsTS 12
.2 § .2§ ^SllHlH
•o u-c.S u-o-s <xT 3 « o-e j2 o w-a
iS'&'l'wfe'S ^-=o"'"3"">5'3
SijISsIl |21jllg.ll
NT PARTICIPLE : habiendo m«*rto, having died.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
haya muerto, etc. that I have or may have died, etc.
hubiera rmietto, etc. that I should have or had died, etc
hubiese mw^r^,etc. that I had or should have died, etc.
hubiere muerto, etc. that 1 have or shall have died, etc.
hubiera or hubiese that I should have or had died, etc.
muerto, etc.
premonr
•9
£
S
>-,
A
•0
_o
2
c
~*
u
O
rt
_o
'c
O
4)
•a
>
u
£
•^-^ !«
« °
^ « E
gg E .i c e ^4)4)4)4)4)
I'S'S'iftl'S "1 11111
SEC
81) U
tn </>
ill
H
H
o
C w
^-- 0
3 C
o ^_^
t me not die
t him not die
e not, your honor
t us not die
t them not die
e not, your honors
EEEEEEEE £
> ^
>
q
«!s
S£m£
Jrf-a
C/5
.-v^-.
u
v OOOOO
000
^
^
A>
£ £
o
£
•3}9 'anbune 'SEJI o
-U31UI 'ODUtinD *IS W E .— E C
33333333
hUUUUUUU
4)4)4(4) -4) 4)4)41
a
z
H
u-03
a a a 1
u u u 2
P>
22
tn
W
HN
Q
o ^o
'anner :
E
4)
U
4)
3
2-d
uuuuuuuu
aasaaaas
EEEEEEEE
FIKMATI
ii
0 O
E B
a a a a ** «x
EEEEEE
o o o o o o
B E B E B B
2
w
H
Q
OMPOl
dcxado.
ES E E E
same in
13 <-•
ff
^
w
u
OOOOO
^i
j>> re
^1
OOOOO
<:
-~ "H«
•«
o"
0
_s
li
o
a,
~
z
M
O
1
* §
u
0
O
o
.s
?•§>
?
0
Jjj
0
1
u
0 3
> O
H
a
••=T3 u_J>
£ 3
.Si
« § "
E
||
^
•5 >.
o £ o
S 0
*u
•rf ^«
u
o
•5 3
o
d
die
ie
die
rs w
di
d
J)^ 4) O-3 4)T3 o
••3s15 gs^S § E--S,
-.•s-aj-a-^j §1*--^K^-
in a-si-^^i
^•5^, ^Ji-i«j:x# >,*: >*
1-1 -5 .c >-•
Call's
lllliglll
^i^5k3_tfO3>;i
._ 3 ^ /-s-a^-. Q ? ^
rn r
mo
a S ^ a a »
EEEEEE
E .^x^^,:
HS
to
o
E^BB
•a-a-s-s u:5^a.5 -S .S •= -= .5 .s -s -S .s
S±±.h.i.h±5 ^ .b.t±.t±±±.i:
oooooooo .^oooooooo
EEEEEEEE J EEEEEEEE
2 5
P ddddd
u ESEE6
OOOOO
OOOOO
136
SER VIR
3AJ3S AEUI .
'3.U3S pjnoqs
'8A43S [JEqS
•o
„ g
^
' "^
(
> i
*
^2
S
o
^
•
u >
& w
|. a U2
g U § U V & 2
1
•e
S
.a"
>,
,0
T3
W
|
y
CIPLE: servi
Q
O
o
S
^1»
> *
2 e
u o &> o
.i5s|Ss.5!
SSi1§ife.1
IJjbefl
4) ^ S_S > > U-S
^ U) h "w h tj
£3 8k X «*o !S
<^ " 3-0 g'S-c's g
§22-= g'f'i 2 o
^ 3"« ox g o^-a
^J=^--S-g>,S
^«2oi««^§
^» <-< 13 jr >. S >ss >^
?«^/ form)
t I served
t thou served
t he served
t your honor ser
t we served
t ye served
t they served
t your honors se
1 I
O CA
1
lie audio]
3
y
^
>T PARTI
BJUNCTI
Preset
•l'S'5'1-5 •£•£•!
•5 rtrtrt'rs«'rt««
t^^XXXX^^X
"5
1?
%j
III
I
a « a a
•S'SS'S
£ 5
** *oia *qSnoqi^
(3[iqM *uai[A\ 'ji
faX)
5
0
<;
t>
«• §
^>
•
Q
S3
•i— i
pi
"rt
a
fe
to
o
<; « E.2 e e
88883888
k* W
•«H
e c
«2«u|~ge
0
0
">
iV
•n E-- e n
88888-888
l-*-i-Ul_I-l_U
ss
IIII
lllla«««
ID
(-M
t— 1
sa-aais-a-aa
(ACOCACAtfitAtflCA
«
•f. 'r. ^ •;,
•f. n
a«S2s«ss
_u
fc-H
PI
w
c
.
"?
^
s
CO
i
4Dj3 'anbunB 'SBJJ
"z
CO
M
•
-U3IUJ 'opusno 'is
1
*7J
""•
_ o
i
G
•s
S
«1
3
~3
^>
2 *>
~
'H
Q
W •*;
s
tt
_i
T^
•—1
£
H
i
PH
,~
J J
B
1
ctf
.
S u
?
CO
•"•
s/
,2
U
w
I
u
w
*
6
H
tt
1
*-*
^c
M
g
pd
c
<5
&d
^E
c
^
iJj
"5
^
fc
•3AJ3S o; pssn 40
*
C^
V.
^
O
j^
^^
w
J1
o
.s
tf
'S
2
u
V
^
tac .S
PH
_
Q
g
.s &
« >
^^
^
•
.
O
> t)
>
n
•o
S
1
1>
M
o
i."
. '>
8
DICATIVE M<
Present
oT w >
ill
°> w m en
siǤu si
sipilS^
^ — "U^^O^u
tuscn^co-^^
*|JS §,"* ^,1 ?.
l»g!..r!i
^3 5PS.S S 5'> « *
^.= «>^Shw£
T^>-"uO«^4)0
lL!e!8ee|8
?<« * «- « s *•=
J4 « = S *• * i >>S
s*2^g««S|
w — j= ?>S >.~ >.
^rtA/ Definite
I served
thou didst serve
lie served
your honor serve
we served
ye served
they served
your honors servi
M "
S|jSg.I|!,II
•g
w
g
u
«
01
. §
1
g
E
o
n _E w e e
o
w Si e e
.2*2 2-2 '§ .2 .2
'>'>'>'>'>>'>'>
-I
O *4>
~25~~
e e
o o
i- L.
« E.£cc
•£-2 -2 "2 S-fifl '2
WtfttOCOCAtOCOtn
tS888888
VJ CO
> >
> >
>
t>
>' >
137
ould serve ~|
i shouldst serve
hould serve I "g
r honor should serve
should serve | 8!
hould serve v
' should serve
r honors should serve J
13
U
bo
O
8
o
•o
c
I have or may have served, etc.
I should have or had served, etc.
I had or should have served, etc.
I have or shall have served, etc.
I should have or had served, etc.
1
«|^ §,5*8,1 g.
c
.-
*
c
o
3
Illll
S
IM
J:
w
U 0 0 §
T
Q
b
K*
"5j 'qj ^J 4)
1
ta
O
08«0§?SS
'o
A°
O '^
t serve
ot serve
, your honi
: serve
lot serve
, your honi
TICIPLE
P
O
z
lggS°
§
I
>'> >• >">'?'>'>
3AIXVO3J
let me no
let him n
serve not
let us nol
let them i
serve not
Z
5
en
« 03 « «J «S
8 3 3 3 3 «
£££££
££££££««
oooooooo
ft
w
'-v^^
w
o
a ils S
Q
Z
<
K
9) *
033
9)
cs 03 08 03
>
e e
03 a
to
a
w
CH
ll
•5-0
„._._._._._._._
>
P
>• >
»
IB IA
> > >
> > .<•
M CO tfl
>
u
(K
> >
.u .u
£ tn
CO
Z
U
C
g'id4J<g
S
0 0
e c
e c e
S
C C
H
2
oJJfao
^ >
S
Q
p« & CL. O. Q«
Q"
a
0
o
u
E E E £ §
ooooo
OOOOO
'S
O
(X
o
s
<5
u
£
o
0
o
o
H
c
o
41 O
> X
1
H o •£
H
3
§1?
•5s£;
> £ !=
*• u 5
4) [A O
I
It
£ ^
fe
V
a o &1 ^
W
4) D
|-| u"
£
V -
•£ >
>
rt
.'B 8 « ^
^ ^
C ^ >
"J
T3 ""rt f3 Sf
^
0) ft)
tA IA
^^ y-
£
o
^"S^ > s
tf
£
«5
2
" "-^— "3
£,;
*""
'>
rt 'rt ^ 2 2
_2
C
c c
o
Q
^
^
u
||
CS 93 03
a
CO C8
k
C
o
"si
E u
11 IA
« « «
</•
111 tf>
H
*
a o "' •§
^
U M T3
2
_
. " 4) U «
^l
& 2 4J 's
*
-i-
a ^c •• o
&
>
**a
^
P"&iu£^^
w
p
o 2">^
C
•S"^2 ccS^ %
>
H
<
y
flli*
"a 1^^ §"^ ix
S
2
4> C8 u'0--
a
C^^^"?^,^^
z
* 2 * .fl ^
s
,<s
"•"Suo^cuJio
fe
Z
« C9 3 03 «
£*£££
.*^
'**
"§
tn
Q
„;
5:
e
0
Z
p
u
Q .
.S •— -— -2 .S -— -2 .S
o
"* X *•* *
^ & W 4-» C
£±±±±±±±
A
N g M 9 C
88SSSSS8
O
o
EEEEE
> >-
ooooo
OOOOO
i 3
«i'8f,:±
U 3 *±**
s * s
3 «.$
•S .« c --'i±
~ y.s cic &.a«2
hi. •
*. c °5 '5 . ~
I &:5u..§l»s0'
.
E c » x « « « £
S 0 « 0
^ «. 5 u — _u u
5 is E '> "2 "3 E .•
O 0 9 k a 5 a._
C V 3 0 B O.-M y
i&£
BiiBgBBv
uooooooo
uuuuuuuu
138
REIR
2nB[ XBUI
pjnoqs M>
I
b£
O
O
.2
ed
o
ID
O
H
S *.
> s
§1
I6-
•3.5 " — S.-o £ *«
3-0 22"a"3 2 s
•o o- z~z~ o 5
,C«"ci2:*3)rt2 1^ '2j=3°§=3--O \j j; rt~MI 2 3" "0 rt 2
i— i 7 — >* £ >**-• >* ^* *H*-,C >,?>».*-•>» "S •— "*j-G>-»>>^*->^
*rf*J*J"M'M'M'M''~' ^'rt'rt'*-'M'IJ*rf'*J'rt V^* 'rt'rt'rt'rt'rtlS'rt'rt
•I'l'S-S-l'l^-S •|,'5-S-S-S'l-S-S-5 ^•S-5-£-S'S^'5'5
O
t»H
H
CO
O
w
«
K
O 3£
~ T3
S «
s &
PQ
w
w
w
in
=
0
M 2
p>
2
C
w ro
W
'"a w
a
H
*•
^ bjo
Q §
ffi
J
0,
M
1 1
fa
S
y
CH _0,
o
OT
H
•S
2
•
^
fli
>,
o
H
H
w
u
H
_o
o
v
D
S
V
^
Q
o
O
u
C
o
s
o
*^
•
H
C
]>.
T*
>
Q?
t*
j
P
t
o
•<
y
l-~
H
£
s
«
>
i
—
H
-u
S
•qSnej oj pasn
1 '• j •«
!»J. t i
M 3;J«l.j2rt^l.
« 'jiitEJr!
— i-i~j:>,$ >,•£ >^
Imperfect
I was laughing
thou wast laughing
he was laughing
your honor was laugh
we were laughing
ye were laughing
they were laughing
your honors were Taug
E tn C C
'
» E.2 n e
.2.2 2 2 3 S s a
» « S u S S 3 5
ughed
1
* I I -ri
V* . . — , 4) 5?
rs "B •• " *O _e fe
q!
*II5 Hill
-
139
o " . H
iuu a u
•DJ3
"uSnvj [JBU.S -«7
•op'p^n^,,
I
till I
I 1
a a
ji " ~~
1
_rt
M
"S
"f"S>« "S
^ rt > _^
BV-8 S v
•« feaf *
^•U 3"rt «
•a 1
1 *
3 g « u.S rt .^^
JS 0 3 — 5-3
t>c -a --a
«x g-s^ ""3
•sffiffu
flil-alll
— 3T3 22T3 3 2
^Illlllll
V g "J^x 2 ""?
« ||-S§»-S £-5
r:
JS
0
5
'S
0
•a
2 > C r* >
E_rt-C-« _S
^T3 k ^ T3
0)"3 " U "3
> OT3 > 0
Q rtjn « « j;
oXi"x^ j;
o "t."- -
"S « « rt rt rt
* XXX^ ^
~^Xi)Ora>_ffO
^ W5.C >># ><"5 >>
"5 «fi,S&!g,s8,
M
u
Z
a
> • • • 1>
^ 'DJ3 'qSnoqiiB
5 —
0 0
c a
p . « uu 8
^
to
^ •"«
---^ O
•> to E^CB
Q 4>4>4>4)4>U4)4>
o
C •"
^^ o
O J3 O
2 rt O 3'"' O
H
N)
Oi
g ^^"4|
^4111 si
« 1.2 B B
S tantncatntnwtfi
u O.—
M j u
1l^-§5
D
glasses
UL^UUUU^U
^Xj HHhMMlHHH
^ *^ >i
™ "" c c £ s
H
^/2 _| 4> ^ ^ 4> s3
.'U .^i .'U .<U ."^ .<«i .*l ,^»
sJ
h j-T
(U E ^ 0)^
^
xio 15 2 !S *S
"*" £*"'"'">;
8 > >
3 ^
W cs rt
J| 1*1 1
Pk
C8 3 3 3 3 t-
£££££
>
tfi
*
H
eg
•3j3 'anbuns 's«jj
» 1.2 E E
a
» >
M
c
K
-aaiui 'opueno 'is
aaaaaaaa
H S'3
'"EBB <n
a a.a.a s.a H
10
H
M
11
>
< 00
o o o o o o 2
fti
(0^ • -"B
V O« Q**' C
| BB
B B B C B B H
OH
S
£ j; JfcO
Q
._
Z
0
aaaao.
«
^
Q
u
E E E ES
^
Z
o o o o o
"•vi
Q
D
OOOOO
.^
8
O
0,
s
1
r,l
o
Ll-BuilS i<lTml
S «flk 3^3 E Ji 2-n rt ,.— rt_ S?
lisillH | I1-SI1II-!
-5 -5 -9 -9 -9 -9
u i. u u L'
Q .
8s-«*JS
aa&aa
SSEE6
OOOOO
OOOOO
140
CONOCER
•DJ3
'MOUJ[ Xem
•DJS
OITJJ pjnoqs M>
|
c
_=
V (PERSONS)
PARTICIPLE: conoc!
ACTIVE MOOD
k
: ne Know
; your honor know
: we Know
: ye know
; they know
t your honors know
' {First Form)
t I should know
t thou shouldst know
t he should know
t your honor should know
t we should know
t ye should know
t they should know
t your honors should kno\
{Second Form)
t I knew
t thou knew
t he knew
t your honor knew
t we knew
t ye knew
t they knew
t your honors knew
4^
-
*/*
•>
H
f->
"** J=J=.
= J.
=x J=£
T3 «««rt«rtrtrt
3J .= .= .cjz .= .= .5..=
», rt « «
^ -55-=
5 5
£££
¥
o
:ommencinj
2
M
O
H
tfl
PL,
u
c
«
CO
tm
^
1
J
•
•an«H59
I
• 1
emos 1
1
ination •
II
w
1
_*
o
a a
u u
o o
B B
e o
3 a
- '
5 C
C C
s s
Ills
iill
o o a o
"u "w "3 "o "o 73 "o "o
eceeoeeo
CBBeBBBB
oooeeooe
4> V V
'o'o'o
O 0 0
e B B
o o o
:onocies
:onocies
HI
B c e
So o
u o
fERBS — Fourth Class,
2
rt
•O
J3
2
j=
o
o
g «
1 i
M !
tf K
> s
g =
H
En
o
ENT PARTICIPLE: conociend
"S
c
>
> ^
•Aiou^ oj pasn uo
>
>^"
^
1
2
cc
1
u
tt £
IRREGULA]
(4
•c
E"
V
ONJUGATIO
o
c
ICATIVE MOOD
Present
ow (do know, am k
knowest
nows
honor knows
now
now
know
honors know
c '*
•5 g
MC M^
* i^IHs
I I'll ill If
^l^isJj^s
•f-Slallgll
S « ? S— « w * —
'fist Definite
ew
didst know
new
honor knew
new
new
knew
honors knew
1
U
o
Q
~J
jsl
18.11
£i* = ^s£-5
«|jlSg,IS
^ .5 i^
K
til
1
<»
i
•
OS
c
~ e o
M
i
u
O IB
•j y
o
!--sS§
•/. E*EB
2.2 B.2.2.2.2.S
l«
•c E
t, o a
N U
O O
U U
= c
U U U U
0 O 0 0
uuuuuuuu
OOOCOCO9
i'i'i
U U
c :
u u u
o o o
H
e e
c c
B B E B
CeBCEBBB
EBB
e c
see
O O
c s
o e o o
ooooooeo
SO O
U U
1 =
0 U
0 0 O
U U U
CONOCER
141
" o "
E E
p
O ^3 ^J £ 'o
U N
i
z
1 1" a" jj- c"
IB
'MOU^S,*
•W 'MKn[ *>
a
u
| a 2o 1
>>
i
|l|| |
BE
0 1
J3 k"1"" *•
8*
**
o"
•a
a^l §
lie
4 ^
? *d
0
J3 w J3
w te"^
o
Q
•^ S * i ® 2
c
S-O v § -a
'SS'O:
I 8 *1
III III 1
o
u
e
•3
q
c
0
o~B " « 3
> OT3 > 0
rtjn M rt js
A « J3JEI <n
(J t^ .,
99 K
EE^
^C^Oo^CO
-— X^3 ^ '3_e §
B
•£
HH (— 1 HH •— ' 1— '
to w "°
o "~^ c "^ c 2 «-^ *^
3 yj O ,C 2 O u) J3
crt
U
rt rt rt rt cd
o o S
•* slu o *>'« ^o
-1
X 3 y) * to X h
« J 4, « „ JH g
1 2
O ^ O
> > "™ O
—
a
•A
>
:_
J=.CJS^ JS
aaa «
. fli tu «j IA
BE? .
« 9 ="£•
5JS|«
H C9 u S
jj ^IIIJAV 'U9l{A\, *JI
1
« E.2 s E
99999999
Ch&GCECE
M
IB
1 »alaa
TIVE
o
c *^
-X °
Is
0 0
Jiyil
£f I =•= |
VRTICIPLE
SUBJUNC
U D
u o o o|S
.•OlO-Og .
® 'u 'o 'o JS "
T3 o 0 O u
•« E E E u .
o o o o o o
g 3 3 3 73
EE^
Ifi!
±w
•3 >>
'o o o'u'o'u u'u
oooooooo
CBBEBBEB
:§
oooooooo
EEEBCBBE
OOOOOOOO
g
a
-^ —
w >
H
u i. 7) U i- 3
O w 41 O M
38*
EE
OOOOOOOO
> >'
e
> ^
O
si
>
ssslsl
S5
•7:
W
C8 3 3 3 3 °
£££££
f?
E E
>
oooooooo
H
0 0
B E
o o o o o o
E B E E E E
W
.sJi
v u
S E
•Dia 'anbiiriB 'SEJI
o
S
O O
O O O O O O
w
^
0*
""N
E E
-uauu 'opusno 'is
22222222
'FIRMA1
0 O
E E
0 0 O 0 O 0
E E E E E S
Z
H
Q
p
0
g dd*: c
" E 6 3 °
o" a
§!
EE
oooooooo
EEBBEBEE
OOOOOOOO
C
0
POUN:
o
u
aaaaa
E S S S S
00000
00000
tb
u" y 4>
bD o °
;>'
0
S
2 J5
s
o
I- U
u
Q
( ^ a)
'Z
u
0 0
o
0 . 0
•3 -Hi
^
o > o
^J u flj
0 „,
H
'3'
1 °1 * §1
J2
c~ - c"
-r "o
g. a
3
J3 ^
G ^ O g"^ O
«
ii o o S o
OJ O
H
•^•-iJ
"^ e t-* § ^
—
aj *-• a o s
i .£
PU
^ ^
i- •— jj J2 ^ ^
o
c" g-^ ^ "u
"3 p,
s
S
J_2
^^J^^l
e
^
I S 2 > 2
a o 2~
CjO
O «
1 1
o =
... J2 "^
IB ^
'u
o
11 "^ 'a — "3
>~ 5 rt 0
~^ "a
c
S T3
B
•* z!
X
g 2 j. >"3
>EEE
3
O
— — IE""5 «
Sag
| 3 s |'|
a!
S-«|oo|g§
Q-4-iO^eo^;>
•O
K U
So1
« s a M « a
u u u u u u
o o o o o o
1
o .u"
E E *5
^ J2 J gjfj- i
8
^"g-o c22"g a
l§
S B B E E E
000000
a
r
0 " " " ^
0
.js =3 *S-aJ3 *~
G
^^
1 * O-^J 0 S^=
U 0
0
"•§ ®2~
2
S — Q*3W^^3
•S 8 8 „ 6*S
M
C
Q'U — '5 9
_o
^1 M-5.C >>£ X-S ><
~^
i-i •£ js >. i 5M3 >i
^
s
12 2 o § s
a
8
•
^
5^ o 5 ® ?>
o
S
V) E.« E E
1
a H S 9
|
£H
1|«||
X
'2 *2 u u u 'u £ '2
^
uuuuuuuu
jgr
u a a at a
§o u o u u u o
o o o o o o o
C
uuuuuuuu
oooooooo
M
^
£££££
1
EBBBBBBE
BBBEBBEC
M
a
"u
>
OOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOO
^
?;
Q .
_
O
O
1—1
u atn «J c
.c..
> >
>' ^
S
C g a 3 a
II
o
aaaaa
6EBSS
5 p
aj j2
o o o o o
— **
O 'J O O O
H
142
IRREGULAR VERBS
Conjugate in the same manner as conocer, /. 140 :
abastecer
descaecer
embastecer
enfurecer
aborrecer
desconocer
embebecer
engrandecer
acaecer
descrecer
embellecer
engrumecerse
acontecer
desembebecerse
embermejecer
enhambrecer
acrecer
desembellecer
emblandecer
enloquecer
adolecer
desembravecer
emblanquecer
enllentecer
adormecer
desempobrecer
embobecer
enmagrecer
agradecer
desencarecer
embosquecer
enmalecer
amanecer
desencrudecer
embravecer
enmarillecerse
amollecer
desencruelecer
embrutecer
enmohecer
amorecer
desenfurecerse
empequenecer
enmollecer
amortecerse
desenmohecer
emplastecer
enmudecer
anochecer
desenmudecer
emplumecer
ennegrecer
aparecer
. desensoberbecer
empobrecer
ennoblecer
apetecer
desentorpecer
empodrecer
enorgullecer
avanecerse
desentristecer
empoltronecerse
enrarecer
blanquecer
desentumecer
enaltecer
enriquecer
canecer
desfallecer
enardecer
enrobustecer
carecer
desfavorecer
encabellecerse
enrojecer
clarecer
desflaquecerse
encalvecer
enroquecer
compadecer
desflorecer
encallecer
enronecer
comparecer
desfortalecer
encandecer
enruinecerse
com placer
desguarnecer
encanecer
ensandecer
convalecer
deshombrecerse
encarecer
ensoberbecer
crecer
deshumedecer
encarnecer
ensordecer
decrecer
desmerecer
encloquecer
entallecer
defenecer
desobedecer
encorecer
entenebrecer
denegrecer
desparecer
encrudecer
enternecer
desabastecer
desperecer
encruelecer
entigrecerse
desadormecer
desplacer
endentecer
entontecerse
desagradecer
desvanecer
endurecer
entorpecer
desaparecer
desverdecer
enfierecerse
entreparecerse
desbastecer
displacer
enflaquecer
entristecer
desbravecer
embarbecer
enfranquecer
entullecer
IRREGULAR VERBS
143
entumecer
guarecer
perecer
rejuvenecer
evanecer^
guarnecer
permanecer
relentecer
envejecer
herbecer
pertenecer
renacer
enverdecer
humedecer
pimpollecer
repacer
envilecer
languidecer
plastecer
repadecer
enzurdecer
lobreguecer
podrecer
resplandecer
escandecer
merecer
preconocer
restablecer
escarnecer
mohecer
prevalecer
retallecer
esclarecer
nacer
reagradecer
retofiecer
establecer
negrecer
reaparecer
revejecer
estremecer
obedecer
reblandecer
robustecer
fallecer
oscurecer
reconocer
sobrecrecer
favorecer
ofrecer
reconvalecer
tallecer
fenecer
pacer
recrecer
verdecer
florecer
padecer
recrudecer
fortalecer
palidecer
reflorecer
gemecer
parecer
rehumedecer
144
LUCIR
'auiqs .(BUI M>
•Dja •
'auTi]S ppoqs uo
a
CO
PCI
«
w
i-J
W
K
tf
"3
Q
« B
^ .S Ji ta-g g v
g •= u 3 v v£o
jj
O
J -S
a
p— 1
TICIPLE;
S
a
> s
H I
u 51
sliljlll
^ g " s ** fry
J^J V 0 « <U^ 0
JS 2 w ^- M *O -J 5) U U b
T* ^ §2 cS^ g§ 1 §4)cg«§c
;h -=igJ|§-=J | l-SJ-SJll-a
^ j3-5h^-S>>h ^ ^=-Ss^-S>-s
N*— ^ ^2 Q v ^O ^ (fl®OJO4)(U4'O
^ I-H •£ ^ >. £ x'S ^ ^-^ HH -5 x >> i >»•£ s^
E
CO
K
^ S
£>
>— i
•5 •£ •£ 5 •£ ~5 -z "S
ft]] Jill j] 1^11111111
II
H
ft,
pa
^
c«
•T. l«ee
aaoaaa-aaa
UUUUUUUU
«" -^.
^ « E~ B B g <fi E~ E C
««««.«««« «tu«w- uuau
II
A>
latlb9HI|lltliN
33333333
33333333 33333333
U
PH
"g
t— 1
0
> ^
> £ > ^
B
R
c
'i
^^
'2
a
•^
•g
~.~
"3
5.
^
w
M
O
•o
E
1
p>
w
-
i
2
"3
W
3
j
^
H
~
*^
—
W
W
G
~
J
_
S
1
ft.
SH
S
U
1
C
M
H
9
ja
^
a
"^
ft,
|
C
H
J
i— 1
:-H
K
i
H
•a
•ami(s oj pasn ^<»
JS
0,
c
'3
bo
»
(_
2
bo .S
i—
CO
c c
c
u
1
S u
c I 'S
•= i
M "5 Mcu S
.5 B M bo-S S o o
0 bfin_M a 4 E - -— —
•
Q
"5 ""
^S-S * Jn3 2
M
s
0
iT
O
O
S
w •£
0 S 0 U |
Sg S = " ,, S e
«js c 2.S c— 2
.S "'^7] — 2 "'
H •£ ^ >> S >,•£ >-
Jillliil isliljilj
^!?s3S*;r3 ^ ^3-S5^-5>,s
vS*jicL>oll)(uj=o ^""JvoUtuSo
s 5
2
< (t
s **
^ 3
>
S-
IB
00 ^N •/-
H
s
e
e <n E m C B
to C — c c -^ e*4i.u
3 3,5 S S a,3 3 Jl-O-O ••••
fe
33333333
33333333 33333333
2
* >
> t > t
L UCIR
•oja 'suoqs
u u . u
U U a " 0
41 4)
1 1
U) Ift
2 £
t> o DO
S u S « 4, .5 =
u.c_c_2.S.cJ=_g
i*llislll
jJS «-- ** >•- >•
.§ 2 »3
•S u o « a.S o
a ™ §J3.| S — -S
1^2 "-52^ „
1/1 "3 -a S'BTJ'O 2
2.S-3 ^li §
3*8 o-c 2 o«J3
^ll^s*" JP=3
jT"3J&E&3fc
•& > .
'3JIIJAV 'U91JAV '}!
E.£ e e
uuuuuuuu
•313 'snbunB 'sea?
-usiui 'opu^no'is
C) oooooooo
uuuuuuuu
> a a
P .£.5
S 3 3
O
0
a J3
j'l I!1
i1?!
a E c „
v "a -^- a a —
333333
a, .= .j
0.I«"iS«J* 2-.2g-=.S
Illpl^l ^^llgsl
I . B|aa ^ .J..HSS
SSS2IS ±± § sllllssl
_3333333_3 ^ 53^^£333
> ^ ^ > s!
^
Q
MMMHM
a
Z
O
xJJjj
TICIPLE: ha
JUNCTIVE W
« U 4) S
0 . . -•—
- o o o-Q
.•OT3T3 3
O'y'o'y-S Q
relucir.
K
~
128224
cw
•s.
4) a U 4)~
g
>,Z Z Z Z 3
OS 3 3 3 3 —
X
*^">
U
S 2
U
w
a
s
||
i
'G
w
Q
C--TI-
5
a
u
Z
a
Z
£o.&^c
5
0.
H
0
u. £ £ 3 o
g
Q
2
D
"
C
u
a&aao.
ESSES
o o o o o
|
0
UUUUU
tm
a,
S
H
O
|
u
o
'G
'J,
3
e
u • — '
•5
|
"
"a ^
S
4T „ g
a
>
S
« .§S2
—
•g «.£ 0-3
g
u- "^^ •« «
e
0 C^ >^
•a
"« 2i— i^-S
"G
a'"5'?— "3
-
|||||
|
o
««-5^HH
u
a
o
o
0 j u^
'o
3
W
>
~.
«o""-o"3
4>io5iS2
C
a
P
z.
e'B'y'3 3
X
'^
'" "a "" •» -2
s
u
2
H
K a"= 3 3
Q
2
,
ID
O
"a
Q .
'G
~
a
Sd^-c
" £ « 3 o
a
•3
O
MiMMimU
u
ddddd
EEEEB
o o o o o
UUUUU
146
ATRIBUIR
-SB ppoqs
-SB ][EqS .
0
| a
"u U2 O t;^3^
u u
•o
o c/:-O ^;2^ R o
*C '*-
I
1 ^
^>Tw1<S «'§ «""
^ "8 9 •" «
% J
_Q U ... SJ £
^ tr. ^5 f3 ^. ** c5 *C 2
^> r< ^-t L 'C <T^ 5^ ."
"C y
^
Q
O
^ o o S w^ o
-s££§T:Sb =
•^Illl^lli
sjb|||||§
| f |I
2'
O
•C«u— £ o B~
s *^ 2^ ^* ^ *w -^
"^2 "^•t^jn"^xtj^*'™
—
a
" 3 « g re « xu
t^j: 3"i" g"^"^ ><3
S mgrttrert>>h
S"-"2§:c5bS
£.
^
&H
u
« 2 u o g <u S o
-H-SJ: xS x'S x
•~ «Jx >,s >.•£ >,
§ « -5 J: x 1 x-5 >,
•C«u— ^b«^
Oi'
U
~ §
grtrtrtrtsrtcs
^x_« S g « 5 2 2 S
xJx2S25555S
b "'^ocio^s
2
*
y
c
H ^
T3^ »j ~ <j7:~ *-
^ *j 72 73 «- 'S 7: "2 7!
•h*
•5"*J~ ^>* "*"" "*"
u
: °
£j
O ^
Jjj
v!
,^ * V '
L.
<^
<
£•>
>^
1*
S -DJ3 'qSnoqjiE
•r
Pu
H^
5
fc
*3TiqAi 'U91JA\ *II
5
J -
^
I a>
2
||
H
CM
P
C/)
•/. i.i = =
^ aSaallSa
1 s
S « E»ee
4)ajO4J4>VUa
•t. -I. '£. 'I. t, 'I. t: t:
IB
O
£.2 B c
99999999
UUUUUUUU
«
u
~C
5j
! 1
C3cSSCBcS-CBwC8
3>3'3^3N5'3'3>3"
33333333
33333333
33333333
"H.
3 Q
HH
JS.fi .C£.C JSJS JS
££££££££
££££££££
rt
E
^r
H v*"1
3 S
§
.S
aaaaaaaa
33«3U«
aaaaaaaa
^ts^ts^^^ts
S
H /J
I-H
"C
to
> >
> ^
> ^
> ^'
e
o
•• o
s
•
0 -
5 tn
^J
£
*Dj3 'anbunt *SBJJ
V
rs
Hg
-U3IU1 'optlETO 'IS W
) S
^1*
CO >j
1
* o
3 c
S
II
H
0
H J3
4 *
txi
_,
^
.a
_C
s
s^
1
) 'c
•— 1
wu
_g
» «
H
•g
i g
'—
•5
5 "aj
o
&,
a
[^^
^
H
j _,
o
a
i
5 ^
C/3
a
•aquo
*
-
J.S
^
PS
'3
-SE oj pasn ^«
41
) ,--
«K
&«
3
*•
> S
y
0
B
5 to
P
(A
be £
o
'resent
6
u
1
§
«T to o
.a u «Q
= 3
3 "C
•c
« 1 1
1 1
I
s
u
>-i
II
q
D "C R
_c to ^c c -3 ^"
*2 *n o
ft> ^_ ftj 0 12
«
d
00
—
tribulr, to
o
o
a v,
> s
™M S3 «
e u B OK
flll^ll
J= M'C 2 o'C M °
•C«<J-cw"«-c
!§ re^ * g'5 I S2
i « "2 «
•^•a-s'2 o « "« ^ °
S S^J c^^ § c
g!f JJa f J
>— i \i
M^rtt^rtXh
a
S?
3^
"!_2uO-|fo^O
IV.IJUME
"§™"'a X* ^^ ^
k, » •£ Ji >, s S.-S x
•
N'FINITI
s
0)
II Jill II
o
SE^ s e
a a a a a a
f°*s!ii
O
•/. E«ee
•o-a-a-a a -a -a -a
33333333
33333333
33333333
1-1
UUUUUUUU
UUUUUUUU
UUUUUUUU
u*u°u*uu'uuu
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa
> >
> ^
> >
>' ^
ATRIBUIR
147
" " u °
, — — \
s
£
§
•a 5 v "V v
illll
-0 ^
«
C u o Jr o
u tn en y trt
bo
tr rt rt tQ rt
J * 0-9
fj aj "^ V eu'0 ^3
a %£ s^-o 'g o
-Q «'C 2 K'C BJ.C
•p-'-'cj— ycjfjjtn
S^T3 rt j. « BT3 2
« 3-0 §2-03 °
lllljlll
tribuido, havin
e or may have a
uld have or had
or should have
e or shall have a
uld have or had
u u ^
Illll
*S w ptS 3
•• h fc M fg
ijiiiiiE
03
O
a
> O"O > o
rt_C « «J=
A n A*M •
'Qv
k- 1 *j *-•
en
Q
o
48
5
z.
1 1
_«
-C .£• £ J2 J2
1
to
0 0 0
03
. _l;
c
e
JB
. .- '5
•^
s
* E»ee
0
c ^-»
•"T 3 ^'5 3
>
U " " "
±2 -i
tu««tu(B«««
(flcflcflcfltflcflcflcfl
o
•Jfl
iittjR
H
hJ
H
O
"•§•§•§ 2
u s5-= c
_^
feftfefetofe&fe
IS
•w 'S 0 ^ C 0
CM
K
^'s's'Ss -5
~'5_* go u
ft
5;
J J5J5 J55
a a 2§ 3 «
O
p
"Iz^^i o"
_ E O Biu u
tS
."2
'C i: "C °C £ °C 'C °C
C9CQQ30303CB0303
« 'C'g
5-i!|l
H
e<
»
!->
£«««S2
'ft
p S ^
^o ^4> J2 £ £ «
•<
CO
cs 2 « t- 2 ^
-V
hfc ^
CM
i» o *> i* '^
e
^ >
o
K
^
H
5.S S 2 S *i
oooooooo
S5
• o ^
03 3 3 3 3 °
•
o
Q «.2
^ E c e
H
^-^
•r, E.2 c e
x n -
eg eg ES 03 03 e)
W
£ S
^ . . . .- u
22222222
« ll
333333 f^
,o,a.a,a.e.o
Bj
CM
o o
^ ~ — .b ^ 3
s ^•S'55*'*
33333333
< S3
S O 0
33 03 C3 C3 03 £
O O 0 0 O 0 EH
Q
f>
^>
jilisi
:; £ C C C n C
S
g C C
E
O
n,««fao
> ^
h
2
i
aaaaa
EEEEE
1
Q"
o
QJ
OOOOO
.s
O
OOOOO
<u
O
S
"« ~.h
U
00 P
c c O
•o
•H o u
? 'E'cSlic.;:
a
O <l) O
^
e< Svb
U 0) U
CM £5
b i-
3^
U L. L. I. L. I.
"S tS « U "S 'S
• "S-o^
•*-* o r5 ^Q 'C
^ tj cj'C yj
a ^^-^y
Q > T3 5 rt °
O -=-=-§"""
O I- HM £,1-1 W
S ' . J"
2 U 2 O
e"5 '= '5 ;
•a-o S «C M
n u '^^rr
c Q j'-5'£i-s
fe <U 03 3 tS a
•o -o -o -a •« •«
. ^ u'5'= 5
:.2 e e
'C 'C 'u 'C 'H 'u 'C 'u
"5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5 '5
> ^
.- o c o o c
EEEEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
148
ARGU1R
XEUI
O
o
W
W
M
H
>
^
i-i-sii
U u°3 0 3 3 &0
3 B MJ= £* 0» B -C
^ 2^"3 o~5~5 2 o
w 3^ °J=_2 S-S^
^"i
5
rt
p
ij
04
H
Ef>3«^«S>,5
[? _g 3"S fe'S'S Xg
Sl
EfSB^B^X^
o
O
J*
B O U O ^ 4) _c ^
s / "^Swo^wJ^o
-0
^A 4> O ^ aj ?; o
3
^Q
U
Z
£
H - .e >,> >,« >.
^ HH - j: >, S X« x
x-'
HH *J J3 >,? X- X
2
-3
<
—
-x
D
^i
'StaBBBBBS
j= j= x .c j= j: j: j=
^^^^Jj JJ^
"<3
•l-l Jjj^jx
3
>JD
— >
^
^
followe
0
II
<
(H
cfl
<
&
(0
01
0
») E .2 e B
•d, M
^ x 1.2 e e
22222222
1
^
uSwol^SS
tfivjtAcntfl'-flttia
c
0<
5555. 5. 5 5 2,
XXXXXXXX
xxxxxxxx
0)
05
3333333^3
33333333
33333333
3
~
I-H
btbtbebebtbcbebe
be be be be be be be be
bebebcbebebebebij
H
'
:f3
M
33333333
33333333
33333333
3
4
o
O
tf
a
'3
>' >
> >
> >
^
.-
<!
9
0
0
3
4
5
en
§
W
a
•3
J
3
O)
W
W
2
a
X
1
J
to
H
3
H
W
1
C
0)
ffi
M
«
"£
H
S
S
\
fco
j-T|
w
M
]
1
0
§
5
»
0)
<u
fc
H
•snSat oi pasn ^o
o
h- 1
i
>*-l
H
CO
"3
5
""
<
•-
>>
O
S
* l
M
Ul
g
3
C
P^
B
c '3
}
J
i
>
4
V
.5
a
0)
to
a
0)
tfl
£
t?
O
u
M
oo
M
V
a
g
u
3
JDICATIVE MOOD
Present
I argue (do argue, an
thou arguest
he argues
your honor argues
we argue
ye argue
they argue
your honors argue
Imperfect
I was arguing
thou wast arguing
he was arguing
your honor was argui
we were arguing
ye were arguing
they were arguing
your honors were arg
^
rS
1
I argued
thou didst argue
he argued
your honor argued
we argued
ye argued
they argued
your honors argued
w
f~4
£j
»
a
w.2 e c
gj
« ° c e
« E.2ee
jj °^ £ £
X
S S S S..2 .2 S S.
33333333
""^i^. * XX
S
55
3" 31 31 3':3 35"*
M be be be be be be be
be be be be be be be be
uuuuuuuu
:3 :S 3 3 5 3 :S :S
be be be be be be be be
33333333
33333333
0)3333333
> >
> i
> >
ARGUIR
149
'an3jB i jBqs so
•panSae M>
iving argue
— t) D - U
-•O"T^ - t
t) 3 3 J} =
I
' I argue
thou argue
he argue
your honor argue
we argue
ye argue
they argue
[. your honors argue
edenf)
I should argue
thou shouldst argue
he should argue
your honor should argue
we should argue
ye should argue
they should argue
your honors should argue J
0 O
c c
2 o 2
:iPLE: habiendo arguido, h;
JNCTIVE MOOD
:tc. that I have or may have
J, etc. that I should have or had
9, etc. that I had or should have
9, etc. that 1 have or shall have
iese
that I should have or had
^ i hi"
be be be be be be be be
1 ' \ § o
3 * ^
VJJ 3>3>3333>33 o § E?
:;. be be be be y y y. y. u a a
8 aassaass ^
^J S^ ^ Z
a «-
let me not argue
let him not argue
V. argue not, your 1
mos let us not argue
n let them not argu
n W. argue not, your t
w
S^
H
^
w
^i
es :s :s 3 0
SBFE-f*
•g^a a a c e
t eg v u a!S
a i. x u i- :-
a 3 3 3 3 «
*S o
1
v i
oooooooo •> *•*
linn
U
w
D
li
o ^ 5 bebe
be be be be be be
Z
51
(« • • • *O
-U3IUI *opuBno *is
a a a eg a]? a a 1 a*
out «-S « « «3 E ° e
eg a a a a a
o e o o o e
H
S
o
|aa2J
B E B B B E
y
a" a" 3" 3" a" 3" 3 a" <
aaaaa
,
bo be M M be M «* M
3
EEE E £
'
aaaasaaa 9
0
O O O O O
ooooo
> > O
> %
0,
S
•^
e
O
O
• a
1 i
'Z >
0 0
c c
** s "
t
H
0 u 0
ujs PJ=
"g
^ *^
SJ 3 t, u be i.
a
cj *^ "S 3
w li;
E?b o bo" o
rt ^* b P ^
-^
o a & s E?
fc v b i* rt
BS re c
T3 -™ B U
S §|
g.g u" ir:% V
gj= 3 3-5 3
|
3Urt « «
U 3 S «
^5 «55 n
O
S £f«j=2
« §
& E?
•
~
V /p1— 3
Ml E?
b «
3 -a U2
• t
. o t*
•o
C
C
W « -B-I— M
rt
w 3- u <>•"«•
?S8S1|§|1 «,
5^ St,- be ^ ff M re „ <v=
I,«2«S^«2S &M
<U_3-OC — T3 = l *•*•
aa>EEB
be be be St u be
'be
a
1
S
H
>
•—
cj - o a
dMl*
•S *'.-ao — 2~°
it =5 >'3>rJ|:e *'c
N ,g g £ £ « £ >,i;
S2=-=o=-qoo a a
I l^g-fjig^f
« Ig^^s
v_^- » S u o J1 u S o
M'SJ >,£ >,•£>,
eg a a s 09 a
A
H
INDICA'
s^4|2
I Mil?
1 "ll
•
o
1 I»E
E:
aio-fiii
« E.2 E E
tjft||ft
:~ «a«aa'5a3
g 'C 'C "C T 'C 'C 'C 'u
2
« a 3 a a
3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3
r11 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3
^
ij
be be be be be be be be
^° be'be'be'be'be be 'be 'be
Q
09030103039)893
aaosaoaaa
c
v> O. M J c
> >
> ^
p
J; g « 3 o
o
PlMHtPlU
£-
O.O.O.O.O.
S
E E £ E £
O
U
o o o o o
UOOOO
150 ANDAR
'oS XE
X V
>
M
Q
o o /— N =* o o-c
^ fc iS
:FINITEL
RTICIPL
S
M ,
>
^ S2 ^oS&gMS^S
o § o§ ^ -OlHlli
- o3&ta=^: ^ 11ls'»l s
">J ** te ^_C ^ ^ > 2
I
w
p
•<
d,
H
S w-S^ x.* W & ^ w5JS fc? M R
j» HH-5^ >,sc x5 2.
I
g
O _
z c
s ££*M£££M - 3£££Z£££
xx^^x.S J^
2)
r
0
O
CO
ft.
1— <
w
^ *
•^ a> g^ c c
S BgsgsaJojS
i §
•^,«s«»l^ss
.>
j
H
•o^^Ts-a^^^ •a'a^^'O^^^
aa^Sssaa
•O 13 -O 13 -0 T3 13 T3
0
H
||
EEBEEEEC CBEBEEBB
33333333 33333333
EEBEBBEB
03333333
E|
*
tf
ff
"S
> ^ ^ ^
> ^
^
^E
B
Q"
0
a
•«
a
Q
W
0
•a
3
^j
W
B
•^
w
a
3
S
PQ
W
H
B
<
x
§
W
W
3
.•S
>
0,
I!
£5
D
a
K
r^
}
a
ffi
w
ii
3
^,
CH
^!
2
CO
o<
3
P-
fti
H
>•
O
H
j
Ed
*oS oj pasn -^<?
;
[^^
U
o
S
>-^ to
% y 3
3
1— (
•S S
2
H
S> 'o M
60 fcc u
^^
?
0
Q
g « S « S «5
rt S o .S 2 M tf.S S
— gg CJD o^C*^c;'o
C g
0) >
o S
4
H.
O
to O S'w3Ob£k/>fliO
*-• o *-* o
i
0
u
e
H
3
o
S
H
O« c C oSt*=uv-c
S8jS° °° v> "iSinSi-jjgo
j S &O bo~ S> 5§>~iMu
.^ •°tjoS-§§
g ^^ gx g g j^
(S
•a
y
1 jfc
^ 0
v»
x.2 E E
00
3
S
ta E .- B B
tn E to u «
M
JJ MJ
O •— O P .«.«,« .M
W
2
to C»«CE •Q£«Q«Q«Qlu«QA
S3333-333 99333 -3 333
p B c S « c c 6
^
*3 T3 T3 T3 13 T3 'O "O fl •« T3 13 "O T3 13 "O
•a -a -o -5 -o •« •« -a
—
EEEECEEE EEEBBEEB
EEBCEBCB
H
33333333 33333333
33333333
5
> > > >
> >
ANDAR
•3ja 'oS ITEU,S wo
•3}3 'IUSMWO
aving gone.
a««J %
^ o> aJ1 *. 4,
gill §
MJ^3 4> •£
>J3 rt > 5
rt C ™
|
I
o
O tt>
i i
o o o 2
0 g Mh M§)>>h
^C^ai^o
I should go "1
thou shouldst go
he should go
your honor should go
we should go
ye should go
they should go
your honors should go J
o o
IPLE : habiendo andado, h
0
c
c
S
, etc. that I have or may 1
ido, etc. that I should have o;
ido, etc. that I had or should
ido, etc. that I have or shall 1
lubiese
that I should have 01
1
*•>*
i"
o
°rt
a
0
8,
-
' S
^
«»«'
O o O
U
^
Q W W H~~ (J
cu
OX MiX
2 u
•C W
[? PWf-e
k? gj E *-• E E
~ 99999999
EECEEEEC
•S
Z
a E£BE
'" "5' s "B °~ ™ "R ~
o
^o
?«
B 0^^
>•£ ^
•t o o
a^ass
1 g ^ = ?,
C c -C C .
«.§? »S H
5.s c =7: c
$$ sis^ a
H
P4
<
PH
H
2
j
S 3 3 3 3 *
ar a gatas,
to the theat
rt
™ *R "5 ™ ™ " '" °&
"S
•a -o -o -a T3 -o -a ^
H
P
«i y
f
ssssaaas
R
EEEEEECE
^
M
I'?
5 '3
c
EEEEEESB
aaaaaaaa
C
saa
a
2
>i >
i
jj o
•?J
v
3
_
^
"^ <A M
SEE
m 13
^ rt
^
^~
9) 0 « U 4J U
co
^
oooooooo
g-a-a
•ai3TJi3'a'o
U
^
* ^ *O
"rt " ^
5
'>
v
PaS
B E E E E e
to
£
g da*: c
£ v &
r3
•313 'anbuitB 'SBJJ
-usitu 'opuEno 'is
a a a a ll a a
r1 03 a
s e o
gee
a a a a a a
o o o o o o
E E C E B E
Z
U
H
0
=H
D< Pi Pi Pi {%
L* "^ W
y
0
Sg
llllllll
•a -a -a •a -a •« -a -a
h
Q
Z
S
o
u
e e e s e
o o o o o
OOOOO
o^ o
o
ECEEBEEB
Q"
*O M) **
•S
2
aaaaaaaa
O
Q
O
a,
<U . g
s
tK
2
> >
S
E oTi-i
&
a
v
0 0
o
s§c
*•
'-v,^
o
W
o
c £t
*"*
'3
>
o_2 § 2
a
o . u
.is oj ***
-3
C
Hf
Si^S o g~
3
u -H S
2 0^
•3
< 2^
M S o 3 s
M
dT ^
S2 *^ *f*
E
aici^;
£2 ^S^>-
»
>
a a I, § S
5J 2
a
71
Woo
5
^ Ml be
— _lj bjD*^*^ bC
-r-
^ 'S ^-j w) ^
^ u
•o
jj
o
v ' ~ ^ ^
® Ti bb
*ture
I shall go
thou wilt go
he will go
your honor will go
OS we shall go
ye will go
they will go
your honors will go
ial {Consequent)
I should go
thou wouldst go
he would go
your honor would go
IOS we should go
i ye would go
they would go
your honors would go
•OT3
B B
a a
* >
^laa
4) 4) 4> 4> V 4)
•a -a •a 731313
B E B E B E
a a a a a a
ITIVE: haber andado,
iICATIVE MOOD
dado, etc. I have gor
andado, etc. I had gom
andado, etc. (when) 1 1
andado, etc. I shall ha\
i andado, etc. I should h
a general, ill-defined going,
ng in a definite direction, an-
going to, to be about to, e.
<, « E .2 E E
•(0-33-3 a -a -3 -3
K
^
aaaaa'aaa
Z
_
Mill
8'g^
aaaaaaaa
•o T3 -a -a •& T3 -a -o
EECSEEEE
aaaaaaaa
13 T3 •« -O 13 T3 13 13
EEEEEEBE
2
u a s a a
$ rt 2
M4 U W
X « C
aaaaaaaa
'^,
aaaaaaaa
Q
.,*
4) (O rt
> >
>
fc
V
Q
•S ^S
c
w a*1 *: "c
e Z't.
—
w C rt 3 o
^I MM ••
s
CL.H-a,feo
u
EEgEE
o o o o o
uouoo
152
CABER
TAINED
2
S
u
)J
2
o
9
*
O
H
c
U
£
fi
ifi
<
d
S
w
PH
>
0
1
s
CJ
PQ
0
.H
Cfl
<
PH
JUNCTI
•i— >
a
1-1
3
g
0
o
e
Q
W
-o
0
§
o
3
O
W
H
(U
03
E"
O
H
_c
•5
o
c/T
55
H
B
w
II
w »
.s
jy
M ^
o
1
S
w g
2 S
41
-*->
V
Q
&
U «
H «
1
W
H W
35
£
Q^ QH
1
^j
S O
CO
0
O
W H
«
0
pq
<;
Pi
H
as
o
W
h
H
>
£
!>
H
«
5
ft
&
W
ffi
1
C3
O
H
a
O
P
o
«
K
i-t
u
55
"c
0
H
V
I— 1
jd
T~
u
H
"o
^
Pi
*?
o
y
£
S
c
2
0
I
P
cr>
Jr
00
r*.
•ppq M>
= _ ia o
~a °s-c ox
23"o-« 2"o- "
o"Oj= L — x-o 2
— 3-O O'O.g"
•a 5-3 c — 2
'ppq pjnoqs
•ppq oj pasn
M 2 uv
J »•£&§!
r5|?2--5^* .-s i
S^l^lli 4 I
'IfgJiefJI Jsii^s^a
S§SS^JT= ^ !§•=
*|j8MBl& 5 'iJB
.2 S.2.2 l'S.| §
icZ'£ieiaZieia
acdescdcsaaA
"«3~ ^
— ^b
« S§
CABER
153
•Dia
•pjaq ^o
-
, having held.
y have held, etc.
; or had held, etc.
uld have held, etc.
ill have held, etc.
2 or had held, etc.
•o 2
•3 J
2
1
o
^
g > o _5 >
> o-o > o
_g^_g 2^
•o "°
1 1
•o -o 2
11 2 o
•s-o 2'B-o^ —
2 "'o-S'o-i^ w
/-> ^-o-c i.~2'o Z
E
9
1
c
c
s
22222
c
2 1 -ol
°2 °22 ° °
i
e
H
J
W
>
O (J O ^
. U 4) SJ 4)
-a
k
-Jjglllll
g i
0 T3_0
- T3-S ^^,"3 ^
Ai
U
H
b
z
t>
|S53S^
c
=
«
s
•3J3 'qSnoqjre
v— ' _^
<> C
ox =-3 3
•^ - x^= o >.
(K
— ]
GO
Sg|£2|
$
3CT-a 'uaqAi j;
e w
M
S "
21^
OH
cc
Ji.2
•
•| « 1.2 BB
S-B
c c o c E 2
4) C C 4> fi
H
e^a 3*3* «
e">,
M S.2 B B
"^ 4» 1) l! 4) -11 1) 1J U
r
22
"o~o
E22 =-2
•g *j"3 -g *j"o
W
— — — j: j:
S «
IIIIIJII
J 1!!!!!!!
i2
jsj;
C/3
os
11
• 2 o
•£ u
S S S" a1 «"'§''§' Is1
• j^;
Q
to ^
*^-a
5 rt
>
<
<n *
>-IBB
05 O
^.-2-
S r'"
> >
oooooooo
H
«
a a a a a a
U Ql O.-M Q
*•••- $.
»
g
;» ^ 1 3 s l!
z 5
n" E E 3 °
^L v ®
•3}3 'anbunB 'SEJJ
-uaiui 'opueno 'is
« E~ B B
oaatsa'aaa
FIRMA1
0 0
B B
e e e o o o
B B E E B B
W £
H S
(!<„— feO
•S ^f-"
EEESE
»'»•«•»-'§•'«•'§•'§'
1
§ 5
D
OOCJOO
iff
>' ^
Q"
0
^s, & /T
C
b
^* § *°
^
c
s " ci
•7.
z
0 0
0
U "u
G C
u
>
O TJ O
s '"""
u
'3'**,
2*3 £2-= ^
2
« • ii
*! c3
<J
-2 ^
•*• ~ >,.§ s ?
JB
"1 «3 -
M M "
2
*^
il^rsl-rf
rt
"JJ-o"^
•"'ga
•o 2
5
"2 "2
4) U~2 « «"?
S"i1l
gi-f
J- n'w~
T3
•3 J
•
Q
'S ^-< ^^ rt "~^
*J ^- "
2 "0
(D ^
^
'> •« W)
2 j=
| 2 2 7,
^EBE
"ti'^'c'S's
g'o 4> rt O
•=•-•§
2| 2'Elsl £
Is-lllll^
•o
0 V
S 03
a a a a a a
91 1,1 1,1,1
03
U
U
g
g"c s
V
*c ,_, 2 °~ °i5 2
S — — ~ o*c 2o
u u
£
O
0
o o.^<
1
s7!^ J^S^J
(2 2 0-3 ol? o o
C., 3 ? 0^= 2 § £~
JB
S
£ii£ "
tf 0 «
>> u 5
1
"",2 u o 9 41 J| o
~^ J3 S ^ 3~ S fr 3
« «_2 4) 0 g 4>^ 0
W
>
H
>
H o "o '
g-S S
in
1 "
EH
r-
<
IgsS*
•fv-
o
^2 OQ
•v. o
Z
'•J
"« 03 °-«-2
^•^"S
-a |~nc
(o -2 -2 .2 .2 .2 !§ -2 .2
^ -c '" '^ '" "^ '~ '"
1
=.
Z
U 03 3 03 03
JSfffJS
W- (/)
"S "3 "§"•"§ "a "a "a
Q
g t£ CU
fc
t)
U! U fc,
> ^
> >
Q
Q
S3£H~«
111
S
J. E * 3 o
""
c
cLadac.
» N m
*•
EEEEE
o o o o o
UUCJOL)
154
DECIR
\\3) pmoqs so
S
*
2
S "
Ǥ
£
^ 2 <T
^ — .0
^
s ^
"g" "2 o =J | 2 2
U
Q " «
0 S S
[| S^*^*2! ^
^
u
^
J
- 0 So
v> "° °"3 §"5 o S 8 2 S "V B
•*
s
<3
PL,
S S — xss£j=
£ "3"S oj=_g Q-SJ= § TJ22j=22'o^
•a
,"3
C/3
U
W ll 0 " S ** " u"3
^^°1 = «t«§ §.*! Is 11
f
3
fe
)_J>
H
»!
> « M€JSK»UK
.c.
!
3
«0
•3
W
AST PA]
P 2 rtrtrtrtnrtrtrt
z tt; --------S
'— > a
m o
<^xxJx5^xx "^ •£ •£•£•£•£ •S-S 5
1 § 1 s
<; « E.2 e c ^ <n E^SBB
past parti
F
In
U
g
On
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^/. ^.^
ssssssaa uuuauuuu
CCCCGCCC «i « « » x « » «
VVUV'VVVV 4)4)VV*4>4)^^
J
|
>
'S
||
•o-a-a-o-o'a'O'o •o^-o-a-a-o-S'S
f
3
1C
<U
1 1
> >
> ^ > >
2
H
T3
P5
6
:
-S
HH
1
4
OH
w
•§
Q
*^
$5
g
w
w
O
3
M
w
U
a
•a
V
w
w
•5
j
a
I
>•
**
1
3
3
c
w
ffi
"
MPLE
-
U
I
S
a
CO
H
u
3
i
'S
a
0
H
1
1
i
~
55
W
»
£
0
W
1
i
f
.2
•o
§
3!
•flaj oj pasn ^<?
1
t
o
o
^^
1
>
€8
>•— »
_g
bo .S
5
3
g
JS
•M =5
F
3
1
.0
0)
M
0
u
1
a i S =5
o ^ « «*
O "ij *- t^ £
f j-iJEl - 2 ^
j
u
~
'•3
^
C
*7\
S o^ c
^ liilj'jgl | i 1, s|
E
2
a
IH
1
W ^ ~3 :£.£:= -I.-
&
'S
w
H
M ^> "332*'3*'-"'?rt3
1 $* ~ ~ V O " «_£• O
5 ct «55»*«Sg,
u
rill Is 111 Q«llblll
^ ~ :^«^ ' |"
£
5
S |
» _e « c e
e « "* «- C e
a E^ B C « O^j 5 0
5
w^'O^Ti'a'C'o
«t)OVU4)UU -5>-'^-^-^-^-^-S-^
> >
> £ >' >
DECIR
155
,;-a 6 a
a « « a «
£
b **
•o 2"o"o-2"o
13 'S
IPJ 11«M« M> 'PI°J *°
3 S-aof-o
u is > S? «
W >X t« &J3
•8 S
g §
c « ^-cjS k
V O
Z u
3 ~
rt >>4)"3"5 u
u .S
£ -^
"1 g g S-= «
*c
s IS "i ~ °
•!S ^T3 V ^13
u
2 S - tt=5-g = S! IS""
T3 u"3 * u"3
t S
_ § § ^"§2 c22"3 g
•O J='«^J='M
*u p
*
!j||f|£il 1-iJlllli
1811111
5s
* 1
g
•313 'qSnoinie 8 ^,
2 « .^ « uJ
*• *w
1
•Wf"!"'}! J "^
§ 1
^ u «-«"*'*2
w ^ ^."o <o ^j *3
8 £
—
g S w E.2 c e
— , ° — °
NH *-* ^) ** "* ^ (J
-
5 T
to E.- E E -2 wtatntnt»u>tBtn
4)4)4)4><ucU4)CU v» 1>1>U1>-U1>1>1>
'o
c w
o
w 93
Irf "X o *- o o
oj^~) M44)CU4?4>K3?
B -b
B u
•|
:*••?.:?, :?•.:" •>.:":" "s '«1«ia>«1«'«'«IO
> o. —
p « w
< Z"^.
u E o ™ u o
g;s c ".c^c
E-i a 3 3 3 313
1
t« ^~*
£* >
a -^
W
1 i
>• oooooooo
^ s-
——-—-"
w -g-g-
•S 2
r" »
•oja 'an bune 'SEJI
a
2
>'
S ° o
« "c
-U9IUI 'opuuno 'is w E.- e e
•
> ° >
a a a a a a
W Q S^
H y ^.^
^ ^ M ' • . *O
u
•O'O'O'O'O^^Tj
< -o-o
fl'O^-Ofl'O
S O u £ E "^ °
Zoo
o e o o o e
. § -C
^ ^
- -
e E E e B B
H £ ."."". ."
•M -'> CO
>
B
E
~
_ * aa&aa
Q R E E E E E
•a "?-S S
^
2^ ooooo
» « g-S
'3
•*
o
Q OOOOO
t™ " s ""
H
O
•a
u
O
o
.2
rj
•»'**"
s
u
2
i ^-S «
O
u
o o -S
(j
• . Q S **
>
c c •£
2 — °
t^
Tt ^ ji fc"
H "s
< £-2
IS ** 3"3 g 3 U
«-B = i
"8 Ifa °
*^ »• ^ ?
5 B • —
w r~
£2 . 3 •£ . *"
> • 2-o o
* i~l
|-V3-V3
•5 o^ « u^ I?
rs ^ . *o« 2
. ^
2 4" ^ S «
c 'Pi
§>• "o
*" "'"^M^'a
>• ^.J
."§ « ° ^: ~3
O O<*"l5 u
- - IS
"o
-^ cU
a a a a a a £
1 ll-c||
1'fll
"u — 'CTS *u
*_i __ ;g ~- ^
•0^3
•o^s^rs^'o —
.2 Q 1-1 l-H ^1- M
** "a d'5
s ^ > "5 § ^s °
1
s • . ' ii
S | ol
Jl
__""— - 1-~ "5" ^•-'^'u^^'5*''0
bo
C
^ w j "-"."- «r
g"^^
£^S3
. u nj —
a
1
Illlllll-llltllll
O
£
&
M H ^•SJig'O
i "I
13 -a ,'°
o S-~ S
•a § ^~
g*
*o
"~" Q ^ -C ^ ^
B S'^'tt
•S H
0
1
- 2 £££££
cu w <: o
A u e •
•£ S"3
•^ •!: -i: •!: -t: -t -t: -t: r^ >>>>>>'C>
1
Q "
•a -a -o -o -a -o -o TJ -a •« •« rs ^ -o -o -a
«
V
2 M •- .-o
~ S*|l
> ^' > ^'
I
g u g B 3 §
|« ^|
u ddddd
s M' ""g
ESEEE
a a
ooooo
tl
OOOOO
3
IS6
7KADUCIR
T3
a
B
O
2
"3
C
C
C
1
c
»
translate
"M p
a) C rt
| 2^ aji
i "g- 5-1 « 5 S"«
"S -o
*- v
^ ^ **
1 -s I -sl
1
S
5 u t! a *
(t (A
k, rt-St^-tv.-a"
T3<«'Si''li"S«'"
w
H
*•
w
hj
u
>
g
*l
e
^
C
""S5 °— *
S ** «~ 2 «
ey trans
mr honoi
•^ ^"3-a §2^"g g
iJJ J s-S~"«-5 ><~
1 ^ £f! l"s|J
CO
cu
^
$
M-Sx >,S >•
•5 >.
^ h.^^ >,'f >,•£ >,
^^ M •£ A >, s Si-S >.
y
£3
rt rt rs rt « n
rt rt
^J rt'rt«rt«««re
"sj UrBrtwrtrerM
1
Jj
*
t3
2
H
o
H
i:
•<
H
t-i
pq
p
CO
8
r. E.2
a a s s s-3
— —
- i
I/ '"I*"
.8 «
^ « E .2 c e
k5»^^^x^x^^
•u
•S, tn
wtewtntntni/iv)
—1
>
S
^r
H
PH
333333
•o -a -a -o TJ -a
N M
3 3
•o-a
22
•§-§1^-i"S
•O "O T3 T3 "O -a T3 T3
I
3
«
h— <
bi
C
>
> t
>' C
5
c
H
5
'c
O
>
?•
•a
4
o
Q
Q
trans
o.
r
^5
„
£
2
to
P^
V)
O
n
:
•<
\
<£
H
W
w
C
|
^
2
•—
S
5
d
M
W
h
3
"a
£
0
W
M
G
H
3
A
£>
_J
^
0.
W
o
ft}
J3
W
g
-
S
ffl
)
K
t/3
c
3
•=
H
"a
H
3
H
PH
-SUEJJ oj pasn *o
I
>
eS
"tc
'
O
•5
^
g
^
H
.£
5
6
O
a
w
e
|
3
i
t—H
H
H
1
«
j
d,
g
M
3
3
i
<a
O
£
Q
Q
«
bo C
-S |
4
E
u
O
r— V.
O
U) Ij bOrt
*S 5
i
(C
O
u
:o transla
•z,
H
>
^
<u
G
S a
2 -S
*•" <-.
i|s2uu
5
C
.•^ a j« 3
i 11 -si
H
>
D u; "J^ o ^ re
"x O
***** i-^jrtoii^iiio
a — ^ Ort^l^ O
CO
u
"3
3
<
U
S
IS1111
C +* rt— 2 rt
II
^ jjliiigfj
1 1*111 |M
M
•O
H
*• o *^ ^ *^ *"*
^* 3
B o S «*3
^" o*J^'bJ'*-^3
a
X ®
—
S
1-1 *"c ^ ^
hH^j; >,g; >,T: >,
HH ^ j: >>? >,« >,
W
01
tn
e
0
« 0 '« | g
H
§§««!"
c e
aaaaa'sia
Z
333333
3 3
33333333
3* 31 31 31 3" 3 ' 31 31
fe
•o -a -a TS -a "a
333333
es'S
•o •o -a -a w -o -o TS
22222222
a 'SI a alt a a
TRADUCIR
157
-SUBJJ IJBqS ^0
•p^su^,..
•3
i4*i ?
$
I translate
thou translate
he translate
your honor translate
1 we translate
ye translate
they translate
[ your honors translate
(Antecedent}
I should translate
thou shouldst translate
he should translate
your honor should translate
we should translate
ye should translate
they should translate
, your honors should translate
o
C -*-»
o
0 0
c a
o o o
11 ill 1
habiendo traducido, having trans
3
0
that I have or may have translated,
:c. that I should have or had translatec
ic. that I had or should have translatec
.c. that I have or shall have translated,
that I should have or had translated
reducir.
reproducir.
€J
•v, — v
^
'w'^'n
y its
8 M
•2 o
.<S E™ E E
"3^
§^
I^i^
|o§r§§
il
CH
:-
u
^
u w u
?44£.l .
C
o
« S « « E'5 S S
uuuuuuuu
"v* aaaua'aaa
8BBJ|wi|w22
^ « <a V .« ;« .« .« .«
^ 31 31 31 31 3* 3* 31 31
^ ra •» •« -o -a -a -a
22222222
LTIVK
translate
translate
!^§i^
S2lS5|
*j *j rt •*-••*-» rt
4) 0> U U 0) ^
PARTICI
&
i— i
s
D
CO
o "o "3 '3 "^ ^
Illlsl
u eg u v eg 3
>roducir
•econduci
2 2! 2 2 2~2 2
> >
O
a
>8 ^
H
*» C « C C^j
k* fc.
> >
>
a
z
mS
••3
88
803 a a a a
u u u u u
M
1
CffJSf
V
oooooooo
o
•Dja 'snbunE 'SBJI
-U8IUJ 'OpUEHD 'IS
eg a ^ '5 a B
g
3 3
•o-o
eg eg
a eg a a a s
w
*
i|
uo *O
a
wo'a'o^fl'O'a
23333333
KIRMA'
o e
B B
o e o e o o
B E E B B E
2
W
H
fe
O
O
«lL|
same ,
."3
u s
UL.kUL.UU
h
Q
^H
DtNMMMlU
j.
"5 -a
> £
Q-
2:
D
O
•J
dd.dc.cL
SEEEE
^
s£
^E'E
3
O
cu
o o o o o
["
•3
c
0 0
0
o o o o o
S3
c c
o
^
o S 2
•2
- **T?
*
?
"SL^
SJS u u-s u
s
. "uTfi!
^
N
*5 ^
In Q O JS ^ O
2
^j y J2 "S ^o
V rj ^^ 3
w
^22
S ^ £ 2 c S
g
'U'TS 2 * S
s
c c
i>E<«*' S^S
a 1srl
£
Illfs
u .
2 2
^t
S C -G
o *•
p— --H if -ii — i3
»
2 rt H^ 5 __*
3 '3
o
*" S-^*i2*a
•0 3
4) 4)
** ±i
c
y
>-o g'^3 o
fl'S
S J
•1 "i
• >
3
J^-5-S-S
in C
v c c
s « .. r*
EBB
2
c
rt
i u S H
— +* <o »; —
1)3
3 S 5 2 5 5
*•
•?
• . j ii
u 2 «> £
aj rt ni | *£ ^j rt ^
Jiil-spii"i»
£2£:|S2s2
^•"rtohn-^o
-=-§=-=§
2l£2«^:2
O rt 2-3 3 «,3 C 3
rallilali
traduc
traduc
nun
u
1
Ed
CATIVE 1
^3 3 3 3 "Q
*y ^ ^3 ^ ?9
J!
1
= S = ^^= &X
^3SS-S-Sx3
Jl^MRlR
•
S3S =J2 = SX
ei§*ssifrs
££Jj &E ft! R
•>»
« a
8 °
FINITIV
3
5
"** iS ^ £ A
U 08 3 3 a
aducir.
conducir.
« E j£ E B
§ E " E B
•"S 5.2.2.2.2.1.2.2
7.
4)
Q
.i ._ .- .b ± .t ± .b
"S ~ .- •- •- .- •- ~ •-
Q
(A X *- "2
33333333
• ^ 33333333
j5
4J ".(fl ** C
u P ed 3 O
•a TS -a -o TS -o •a -a
B «««««« a
O
^
EEEEE
^
>
O
o o o o o
s*
u
OOOOO
158
HACER
i
8
^*
•Dja
'a^Eiu ACUJ ^?
§
•35{Boi ^^> 'a^jetn p[noqs M>
0
3
w
_)
a.
u
Q
V
1 1
-
"i "*
U -n /"^
•^ 2 « 5! u
E 4)"§J^ ""rt ° ^ "1
Q
H
S
B
'- c <a o
^
•* S'5'S c <S E w ^ E
c2 H k. ETJ £ i- £
|
*
O
ft,
M
1 -illlilll
1
<:
sjljlljj 1 g||||-«|j
"£•
1
1
6"
W?
H
C/3
w
O
2
t? UJS&?R||
x^
•^
01 2 v o S °.n o vi ^e « o " o - o
I-H •?; j= >> ? xt: >> i-i<-..i:>*S;*,~>.
3
^
ft,
iD
H^
^j^j^^xx
ft
JJJ««55S ^sJsjilHs
a,
JO
->
V
A
O
f.
G
•«s
S * S
I
j
a
*
0
s
•
tn E^ccN t& E.i c c
~
fa
O
aS33 a 's eg eg
38333333 4>4>4)4>UV4>V
I
3
3
j
||
bo
v^^^w^-^^-
a 3" s' s s a' a" a~
££££££££
uuuuuuuu uuuuuu.u.u
s
43
u
c
•
•
^
3
Q>
.3
^ ^
> >
S
3
6"
Li3
g
••*
"^
o
^
u
Q
o^
*
Q
C/2
^*
0
3
£
w
M
~
J
H
'c
W
1
1
'o
M
2
e
3
Q
U
H
W
i
S
1
ti
ft,
c
•£
5
£
ft.
y
D.
w
S
H
J:
6
ffi
ft<
^
)
ta
w
<;
J;
o
ft,
~_
^
0
[tl
H
~
9
U
0
fc
•=
»
.2
C/3
s
>
V
Z
(4
ft<
•a^Eui oj pasn ^o
§
H
O
ft,
fl
bZ
1— 1
'M
03
E-1
_c
*»
•2
3
3
4
V
S
Q
rt
«
I
c -^
•3 «
•« E
a
!
i
^
-
55
"c
V
01
i— >
0
u
vo
00
M
icer, to make.
DICATIVE MO(
M 4)
111
* S. S 2
lllilaslS
IllPlill
**< rt s P v. S P ^u
B S H a K ^ 3
62«o"uSo
1—7:^: x? >^~ >>
1
bo P « -j <u Ji
c ^bt15 "^ " *° «
Ml '«
•^wSoCpuO v» ts *i°
i§E5^s§ Q si-ii-s«ii
,5a^|ii-« ^-s^sfgl5-11
1§?S^^= § lgE|^E5T|
Ml£&SsJI N -JJlMRflR
* Where the
3
Z
•
H
« =.'£ = = «
>
~ e e
3333833 ^3 Tj E«VU
H
V u u u o u u u
ii'i'i'ii'i'i .23.5.5^:0^.0
5
rjtrr^jjljl
fa
> ^
> ^ > >
a
^
HACER
159
'35TEUI [IEIJS ^(7
•apnui ^?
•S
i-s«! -a
I make 1
thou make
he make
your honor make
we make j
| ye make
they make
L your honors make J
?denf)
I should make
thou shouldst make
he should make
your honor should make
we should make
ye should make
they should make
your honors should make ,
S 1
habiendo hecho, having ma
ICTIVE MOOD
that I have or may have
tc. that 1 should have or h;
tc. that I had or should hav
tc. that 1 have or shall havi
ese
that I should have or hi
[facer,
efacerse.
Future
v> £.'- e e
S M
i
•WO 0
^uSuol'SSS > ~\
§ 'o '« 'o °o °o °o °o 'o o -^-^
g g
O 41 O
"At-*5 -R-*5
1l§-iE§
si"!§5
c c o o e o
„ a q a B 3
.RTICIPLE:
^if4f =
C/2 "5 *V"X ? u
x a u i> a
-? £ w i. v. g
03 .— .— ™ .— ^
S5
u
u
OOD'U-UUl'GJ
•i. r 'r> r> ~ -T- -£• .el -e W <u 4>
_tsl U-J»^.^i-i«^-^- ^ ^< »
"x! . rt rt
(/i aj
<;
a 3 s 3 3"*
a
********
> > a £ E
e .,.,.. ut <
u_« g^_u g
H
Z
fT
u . !
>
oooooooo
w ^
^' O "^
OT
^^2
k u g ^
-uaiui 'opu^no 'is
aasallag < S:5
^Ene c
CtS CQ C8 CO OJ CO (
«f «"' «"' 68' «f eV !
1
Q r^
d &H
0
S C
rl 'T'
• . • . *o
" g £ 3 0
5 "55 *
i li ?
IE !E i !c !E !E .E !e JS ° °
O O O C O O
M /•
&ii-i "-1 wU
5 ^
j-o-i— i. — — — — <^ CC
> > Q
, 0
C C C C C C '
N /
1
a 2
EEEEE
o o o o o .
t \i \t \r \r \
"" S
i !
si •
IMPERATIVE MO
make (thou)
make (ye)
let me make
let him make
make, your honor
let us make
let them make
make, your honors
being hace is abbreviated to
3 O
3 "
U
5
5 «•
J -s
£
o
o
g"
^
de, etc. (
e, etc. <
lad made, etc. <
/e made, etc. <
ave made, etc. <
and also
contrahacer.
ive affirmative contrahace or
4!
> "°
l^
c«
a
<u
1 1
1 •«
^— x rt
>v c c -3
S g b -a 4>
8m>|ccl
2
a
0|ilil
&
J
Ec
^ *M "u -i^"1 ta O
s
1
,
J«1.5U3*
£ c-^ ^a^ g e
3|ilJl|i
^'^:5^"is'S-S
l§?s^&s
2|jiisg.ig.
1, i«la«'S8 Ir
x> ^j3®rtj2& J3 J5
S"«^gsEgS«
5 £2 E OTJ E2 S
^SgSglsgg
wl>T8li*'a
1«jilti|l
~ M'£X >,& >>•£ ^
a' a a' a' a' a '"
St
c
o
INFINITIVE:
§ . da
deshacer
rehacer.
d person singula
•^
•o
p
O2» .S w u *u
^^5^£A
c
0
0)
^ o
c
^
^ u es 3 n CQ
w
« E.'iee
u a-c3'ca 4)- 4) -a -a
§ » E.2 = s
^3 .2.2.2 S.S .2 -2 .2
i
O
:j:"j
u
<s«e««<s«e
« « a e « « e «
.1
g
• D «
e
.
.
1
O
» o.^" jj g
o.
> >
> ^
u
i 2 ™fct3
u
•
E
i-1 U<
W
dadda
EEEEE
o o o o o
OOOOO
1 60
PODER
1
c
'3|qB sq XBUI so '3WB 3J3* xo
aq pinoqs M>
•
J
e
1
•
| -1
4J ^ -^
Q u JB ^^ -Q " "T
a A
^ 3 -8
*
i °
i *
D — '
"sT
<
0
W
pa
<
5T PARTICIPLE: p
s s ^ s .lllijll
v ° « 3 « ° ""« ""S
4 {• <t& 2-S^ U!^^-o ss
w - «'«-S§3-5i-«? ^ ^"SS 22-d "3 g
g 1 litll-sjl £ 1-ip j]4l
y {•'jjiiflii ^Jjstitii
!5 ^ «£j= g,s >,-S >, > w*ja ?,» WS,
« Illlllll 1*11111111
r/£tf {Second Forn
that I were able
that thou were able
that he were able
that your honor were a
that we were able
that ye were able
that they were able
that your honors were ;
i w
"* o
w
<
PH
O ^
w Jo
M
•3« |
i h
S s 1.2 CB
^ « E£CB
r
) 3
o
o e 23223222
t>a>a)«a>ui>4>
«««iiiia«itotn
>
E"1
^^^^•Sfl^^ •O^'-O'O^TSS'S
« -o -o -a "9 -a T3 TS
> H3
II
U
aaaaaaao. 0.0.6.0.0.0.0,0.
o. o. a o. o. o. o. o.
> 9
> P<
«
1
> t > ^
> >
I
w
y
- s
Q
'u
» i
i ^
» u
2
W
W
J2
4
)•*-»
w
e
•s
pa
2
u
3 <S
rt
U
•3
Q
W
H
a
>
H
5 1
J
w
_q
&K
W
a
a,
ffi
U
) .a
H
w
H
} =
£
> 2
fe
<
! s
.1
0
Pk
H
sq oj pasn ^c
^
5 -j
! <u
O
(—1
U
Cfl
M
J S
£-1
—
CM
) ft
<3
? s
O
Q ^J
8u « ,0
•S
_u 3
3 -
^
D 3 3 rt
H->
-S « • fi
V « UV> (§1)
•a "S g
§5 « oj
i |
O
u
u
1
> 1 .l.tijlf l^liNil
«> 3 ^^1,3*
^ ^ «3 o"«3 ^ o
£
Ji
o
H 4 IfirHt] ^-slSlsslJ
rt rt «— g t> «* J* « ? S-1- « u f*1
e *t-i||i2
ti.
00
4)
W S3.!£S«l3>.S Sig*35*>-S
5 « 2 4)0 SujSo sjuo«4>^o
w w'Sj: >>S x5 >, Mgja l>iP >>•£ x
^ ii*sS*H
*|jUftll
M
S
jZj
a.
X §
7i.- C B
w
^ E '•" S ^" ^ C**aCC
« »«22
>
« — O O — —'—'—
H
%»»SOOK» ooeoocoo
lllllfa1?
S
c.o\o.ao,o.ao. 0.0.0.0. 0.0.0 a
0.0.0.00.0.00.
S
> >'
>
PODER
161
h*
4) O^J Wpfi 0
i-sll
OJ= 0-^
g CO £'«•«
I
« £-- e c
£••05055
H ǥ M C ۥ E E
• •••^••55
baaoaoaa
-uaiui 'opueno'is
•I » E-2 B B
•M tUUtltUcuVcueu
*>•« ••••**••
S .V^VD-UUUU
aaaaaaaa
.
«"*« 1
•SHc
•a
•S"33.S 3
_c rr ~ — (8
| bi|
e
rt e c w a
** gj ^
V
£
t> U U 5 U
<u.a.a u j
grfo
•°T3 g „ no
a
** " « > "
•o;B 3
a
•2 ^tJ-*" ^
« u S
cfc* "3S3
o '""' "*^
O
rt > o _c >
^> a) g
2
E_S-c <n 3
2-a S3
5
^2 ^ " 2
fl-jf
o
Q
> OT3 > o
J5 ~ JS 2 -1-
•o
O
3 >*:T
B
o
t-H 1— 1 I— ( (-^ h- 1
^ *r3 -5
u
Z
£
S
w
0 0 U J*
S d 2 •
c g.'g
M§ a
c- a
[zi
r^
. u u v u
'> C cl)
J
CJ
S O OO^
X "•-
OH
5r
^ *o ^ 2
co 8 5
PARTICI
SUBJU
o"S95 a
•a o o o K u
~ ao.o, = .
B«J»jg3
nsidered a
:ircumstani
true impei
o -
h
« 3 3 3 3 a
x-S^
55
cfidJBOJO
(4
x-^^^
" ~ '^
CO
g g
S " >
CO
S
•S^
«•§ a
jj
OH
^n T3
"-3 s"
0)
^ N
z
Q
2
g da*: "a
'I'a'*
H
CJ
O
£ E E so
S .|
Z
D
0
OH
g
o
u
E E EE S
OOOOO
OOOOO
"o cico*
a,
g 4> J3
S
g -^
0
rt g w
O
•^
(j V
-J3 «
o u
»—
^^•*-»«*-
*
I
E.2 E e
ll-V-3-3
o o o o o o o
aaaaaaa
>
f E .2 B a
2......
Q .
;« .-O
>••*> a
: « 3
aaaaa
ESSES
OOOOO
OOOOO
513.
C M rt 3
rt -^ « .'^7
HI
E'S'g
I 62
PONER
•3}3 'jnd XEIU
i
a
U 3
-jnd
- S
£ £ s2 °->-
'jnd ptnoij
-oja 'jnd
«
o
'c
o
H W -^
w > «
Mslf&tl
-~
^ %
jbf;
II
|«liilR,'ll
3
c •« c s
SS^BJ^
-i_>
0
H
aaaaaesaa
K K
rt rt rt rt
-C.C
"
Js ^J?
ed
^
^
O ^
*'*'*'•"*'*'*'*'
«i
*• — *'•"
sT'^
3
•1-1
«
o
U
S
PH
t3
CQ
i
|
^ -3J3 '
t{3noi|j|B &.
'U3MM 'life
« E
r>
3
0)
O
^ S
0 of
t3
(=1
1
8
« E£ c c
a a a a «-« a a
a a
E^2
B a a a
E E
a a
F ''• r- r-
tn E ... c E
tn
ezcct
8
w
II
1
E' E' E C E' E E E
oooooooo
&aaaaaaa
s a
dd
a § s a
&uau
aa
aaauuaua
c. c. c.
SS§g§ g
en
p<
P4
&
. 0
„
J
trw
o"
^ >
>
>
> >
1
> £*
CECECEEE
ooooooeo
aaaaaaaa
. S s 9
asasasa
c. c. i. c. c. c. c. c.
CCEEECEC
oooooooo
aaaaaaaa
PONER
•jnd -
„ -O i!
a "3 - o
« O-'STJ o2-o*"3 °
§ a a a a-a
(J
oooooooo
« E.2sc
H ^ ^
t^^hf.tV.hj;^
« as ta ta a
222
s go
u aa
o o o e o e
aaaaaa
££££'£
aaaaaaaa
; BB BBECBB
>
>
P
^
O
•z
s
,_
a
8
T
G
>-
3 "
Si
0. c
•" 3
i
s
5
ills
2 11 §
gSgx
S.S0-
^=-2
i^S-
JG 0 *-°
s«
Q
=:
•i°^§
"•Sx >
H *Sr
Ss.Ǥ
'•§
71
-§
•
O
E.ZEB
rv
rs
2.2.2.2
a s a a
o
'" i? 3~ '.F
•^•tt^^s
mi
aaaacLa
eoeooooo
aaaao.aaa
-3 3 •^'3
a aa= a
C.-O ID ""TJ
£ iSHs"*
III
s2?
•*.
e
u"3 ° 1>"3
~
> 0"O > 0
5 u
.-
p
.3-g.c.c-g
ill
i
o
Q
rtSSSS
lli
w
m
_j
w
o • u S
P
>
" u ** jj
y
H
5
Ml 41 .
,; C
eJ
2
o a u a o
C ' S
<
o
^> EL§.a o u
a u 2
CH
1— 1
3 03 a a 08 -2
O'iE
H
5
a a a a a 2
« £.=
a o u
W
U, Je S 2 S 3
03333°'
U I. ^
a
*£££*
&
Ti
••
NSES
POUND
•g-o
manner '.
poner.
disponei
poner.
U
»
" £ g 3 0
S|
O u u
H
O
9
aaa
a
CJ
cLd.ci.cLdi
z
EEEEE
a
00000
o
OOOOO
,^v
^ .
a*
Jtt
a u
Z
J
e c
0 O ^
o
.^
0
S1
« ^" C
. 0
O
~ •«— —
££&
EEEEE
o o o o o
OOOOO
|
<u c — 3
Illll
5aa
I
Q
— «-5— >-.
a a.-
u
Q
1
O
• 0
^
Ss' ts u.
INITIVE; h
DICATIVE
o ~V £ O
~ O X" ® •*•*
ill
5.2 a C u
"•JJ^JO*
escomponer
esimponer.
isponer.
fa.
!5
g
a a s a a
£££££
•0-013
164 QUERER
a
C/2 J -3J3
45 -pa 'qsi.vv XEUI ^» -psqsiw -to 'ijsi.vi pjnoijs -<^>
r^"
2
o
2
*u
«
O1
0 4 3
O .2 •>
3 1 -1
^ 1 J
| | 1
1
1
1
i— i
i— i
hH
ARTICIPLE
I
•" £
« - i - 2
£ ^s -'Nil-si §
h £ i 2 "^s ?'*5rs
a £ *l||?«|
S *"3T3 o-o-o-g o
."5 PPllW
^ tO O 3 4) 4» 3
liililil!
0 J3 ?.2J=.i~ fJS
^m = ''^l
^-H^^g.SSi.f ?.
i
3
S
r .,
*
2, JIJJJJjJ
,£ JJJJJJJJ
^J=J3^5^J=Jj3
JO
3
-i
f
S
w
t/2
^ o
1 §
1
£
2
**
§«BC
^, <n E~ e e
^ ,8j«S5S8
>
3
g
r^
2 2 2 2 «1 2 2
•S-S-S-3 « «-S-5i
2S,£22£2.£
0U4>4)-4>V0V
H
i i
33333333
33333333
33333333
H
•
j
ei
WWV9W
O- S1 5T O1 31 ST 31 31
WWyW9
)
-—t
>— i
*
c
> £
> ^
> ^
D
w
.2
>T
U
O
O
i
3
•/:
t-H
OJ
a
"e
u
II
t/3
I
II
z
w
5
c
CC
PJ
a
3
3
a
H
H
y
j
tn
w
Q.
=u
"
^
S
D
\
w
H
5
'5
w
^
^
_o
h
5
•- •*
*D^9
+
c
>
H
2
'qst.\\ r } pasn -<i7
•^
W
'
s
?
a
C/3
9
5
s"
a
^
2
M
5
•g
ft<
S
c 2
)
)
j
H
5
4
0<
u
72
C
JJ
u
o
0
g
rer, to wish.
Q
O =
0 « 8 .-
S *s "9 -S3
a "S 1- '* *
~ i-Jst -si
5 $ Ii:iJ:§:rU
O -g3it:*S>,h
s JSjjsis&jE
2 .2
£ £a»*aS
^ »l|lili*
f>|!|sl|*|
1, 1 1 ! g 8 £ 6 §
^ » * S-= « fe*-
^ «3St*Sxi
^2ug«uSo
i— 1 73 j: X > X'S >>
•s 1
's ^ i
% «T3 O-O-T, J 0
^liisilii
js-a <2-=.2« Jj;
l!i!il!ii
o
u
2;
^
3
w
«
^— >
(A
0
0
x.i B C
o
u
ITIVE:
« E.2 e s
•«* •«« 'Si •** u w •**•**
33333333
.2.2 • "-25 * 2
'C 'C 'C 'u 't. 'C 'C 'C
V4)U4)4)V4>3)
33333333
5 2^22
«~ o oJ.2.2.2
2
WWWT9
w or o- or v SP o- w
Ov
£
> ^
>'
> >
QUEKEK
I65
.:S3
•p9l|SIM
s® «f
4)
»
•rfS'S'H
«j=j= a
i
e
ja
-= .2 .2 «
Ills
1HI
or had wis
£
tii
V
•o
i?u 3"«
u
«
5 > Ojs
>
£ «.= «
•
3
^vfe
JS
2
J8
0-3 <=> „
> o-o >
ra r* rt rt
QX-S^X
"3
o
f.
3
£
O"--"
"
,Q
I o^rr" -
Slj
!UsJ!
%J
J8
K
«_2 v
3
P >
tn g-i g
aj j=j o
0
•sri-LlI &
p
?-i«4l
u
£
U
•»
&
i
-5$
^ s
.„ f <fi .. -
tn c *~ c c
bbbUhUbh
33333333
5P O- a- g- o- O" O" 5T
>' ^
Conditional {A
riera or quuiese
rieras or qu/.sieses
;iera or • qumese
riera or V. quA-iese ., ,
lieramosor qu/Viesemos
rierais or qu/Vieseis
rieran or qu;Viesen
rieran or VV. qu/Viesen
IFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
no qu.vras wish (thou) n
no querais wish (ye) not
no quii-ru let me not wi
no qu/rra let him not w
no quzcra V. wish not, yoi
no queramos let us not wis
no t|u. ran let them not
no qu/< ran VV. wish not, you
D TENSES
MPOUND PRESENT PARTIC
D
^
. Pres. haya querido
. Imp. (ist form) hubiera queri
. Imp. i.'d form) hubiese quer
. Put. hubiere queri
. Cond. hubiera or 1
querido, etc
^ same manner:
r(see p. 202). reqi
£
•i
^
o
u
13
"3
8
a
3
U
•3j3 'anbune 'SBJJ
-uaiui 'opuBno 'is
33333
erercro'o'
A
quit
quit
ish LVV. quz.
IMPERATIVE MOOD, Ai
wish (thou)
wish (ye)
let me wish
let him wish
wish, your honor
let us wish
let them wish
V. wish, your honors
COMPOUN
O, to have wished. CO
e wished, etc. Comp
wished, etc. Comp
i) I had wished, etc. Comp
11 have wished, etc. Comp
uld have wished, etc. Comp
Conjugate in tn
ee p. 201). malquere
>,
o
tl
ty, or ' would ' is used condition?
ifetc.? i Cudndo iria V. si etc
ni antiga, I love my friend.
J3 X
"^
i
>s > ?
y*\
rtrt j=.C JS
s2-
=
- c"^
tture
I shall wish
thou wilt wish
he will wish
your honor will wi
we shall wish
ye will wish
they will wish
your honor will wi
' {Consequent)
I should wish
thou wouldst wish
he would wish
your honor would
S we should wish
ye would wish
they would wish
your honors would
quicre
quered
E B E 5
222«22 g,
333333 b
1
£
W
>
H
DICATIVE MOOI
*c — ^ tn in
bienquerer
' in sense of to be will
to indicate simple futi
? When would you g
o be fond of : quiero <
lerido, etc.
querido, etc. 1
querido, etc.
querido, etc. 1
a querido, etc. 1
^
0
g
5;
.'
0
.2 E E 2
Y,
"'Js-ei !I
F=
"S^' «r
in
C ,M t* c
_5
03 CQ CQ
a ~
u a 3 eg a
9
2 VV4 S*
^ jJ*5J*5^
•5:
'"'"'"
•••-
JZJ
•EX! £ £ £
"y.
M .*^ —
V K V V ^
^
w ^ k
k k
C
r Ss
33333333
O- IT 5T 5T O1 O1 0" V
S:
C
33333333 _,
O- g- O- O1 0" O" BT T B
u
. .0 .
i
-^ .
>" ^
>
> p
v ^-w *•!;
u
"CC 2
^
> C
v« £ a 3 o
fij
V -<v j)
£
I1"-" 0. feU
3
^ ^_ 3
'£
Q, cu o, cL o-
O
&
O
SEEEE
c/
OOOOO
Q
OOOOO
>%
1 66
SABER
'MOUJJ Xetu ^o
' U3U5J ^0
•DJ3
'j»ou3( pjnoqs uo
o
•o
z
i
4 >
1 i
n
.* •*
i
"o
e
«
i . -a
o
2
J
3
uO
3
-i
\
Z
_3
in
I
^
0
55
M
PAST PARTICIPLE:
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOl
Present
that I know
that thou know
that he know
that your honor know
that we know
that ye know
that they know
that your honors know
3
|
^
that I should know
that thpu shouldst kno'
that he should know
that your honor shoulc
os that we should know
that ye should know
that they should know
that your honors shoul
* I
§ j s
"S 9 S *§
8 *=*§£*£§
£ 1-* S-= c g^-"
'O e Sj< !;•*•* >>3
^ ««"«!*
<A» rtrtrtrtosrtrtrt
^j=js^:j3j3j=-Cj:
'?
jj
o
rt
«
1
1
•
1,
•I s«
>
P«
O
e
c •/••--
« |Jea
22222222
|
3
3
<a
E"
H
II
to
slss^tlf
mtlfjf
aassixsss
tttltttt
"3
1
•
J
Si
«
_c
•^
> >
> ^
•
3
C/3
H
's
'*
D
2
<D
pq
^
i
J
<5
W
O
J
Q
CO
W
C/3
•o
e
U.
)
PQ
z
—
*-
3
in
P^
H
w
H
1
j
>
H
w
5
Q
N)
J
h
W
a,
a,
O
M
S
u
1
D
5
^
H
c/3
H
Si
<;
i
"O
fe
a,
—
5
S
O
f-c
3
»
S
Z
z
M
•MOUJf oj pasn uo
|
i
g
o
w
_
x
§
3
t— (
a!
euo
c
g
5
-C
H
a,
'|
te
I
)
^H
o
B
« .3
11
?
j
i
4
Pi
%
B
u
y5
i
|
O
D
S*
0
u
d
M
o
o
1
INDICATIVE MOOD
Present
I know (do know, am k
thou knowest
he knows
your honor knows
we know
ye know
they know
your honors know
J
3;
I was knowing
thou wast knowing
he was knowing
your .honor was knowin
we were knowing
ye were knowing
they were knowing
your honors were know
* * ^ 1
J;
tslUlI
"» E"3 c'*5 = E-*-13
« C 3J< h-*.* >>i5
'Mill ill
ie irregularities occur the '.
•
o
w.2 e e
ji
W
O
o c'u o o
"•
>
1
•.Sea
.2 2-2-2 2 'i .2 .2
«- g*< *• u
|
£
~
>o tf
a a a a a a
£1 £> & £l £l £1 £> &
33333333
••••••••
ttlttttt
!>
SABER
I67
'MOU2J HEqS JO
g known.
j a a j a
t v u u "
sil'i !
o c c g a
Cj<^^ J«
•~-o v.. -a
* 0
a J2
H Z
•f - 5o
o £ e % g o a
d know 3
ouldst know
ild know
mor should know
ild know
ild know
ould know
mors should know J
habiendo sabido, havin
E MOOD
that I have or may have
that I should have or ha
that I had or should hav
that I have or shall hav<
that I should have or ha
§•* c"^" = i-M'a
^~N — « _c iJ ^ » -> _e 3
*V» 3 U5 O JS O O yJ,C
J!
> uddg
e g.* £.*.* £.5
^ J 3"« S «"« >>a
0 S
W
H . u w u_«
>-!•£.£: >>i s>*£ x
"^ ^^^ I>S X-° X
J *J
OH
% 3.4441
j:
X
1
'ajiqA\ 'uaijM 'jj
to
Q
s a
3 §
"g 7i E.2 c B
O ^
B ^ir
llllll
Is 11 si
CJ
H
»;
•<
PH
5, ^SZS^ a
gsllls!
S S2S|2|
„« E|BE
^ 4)4)!>U-^i>UK
H ^^
;? o o
|.S z*£ £
H
a 3 3 3 3 *
."**•* -c<, s^, ^, s^, s^ -<^ -^ -^
9 e a
IttKliii
U j4^
-~-*"~*
C/3
^
71 71 71 71 W 71 71 71
<o > ^
a
z
•r ^
S
If
•^
>
*•*
^,•0 >
U) -
**£
Sj
•Dja 'anbuni; 'sni}
-uaiui 'opuEno 'is
oooooooo
o
w E - c c
22222222
'IRMATIVE
no s</as
no sc/ais
•••is s
-^•^.•^•es-^,-^,
O O O O O O
B B C C B B
TENSE!
:POUND
£ E Ef °
a
^ ^ "5- "5- "§• "S- ^ ^
E
Q 2
O. C.C.C.C.
j.
• • 8 3 • • • 3
•5J
2 O
EE E E S
§
P
D U
o o o o o
M
>'
Q
o
uouuo
P:-
^j
O
S
-S
'Z
S
«
s
1
w
g §
u
. _ o
C,
g
S-= I-*5
c
E
"•si
C
H ?
K 2 b | c S
o
a" -S
* IS
^•5 I^J1^ ^
^
j S a |
S |l
ilg sl i"
1
c" c'^o ^ "
s ,=^
22^22^
o
I s ™ > «
^
C O " B "^
•
e
"^JZ1""1 ^"2
1
* 1
O c
>8 >
1
O rt ^ w ^ ®
o o
-^ •*
4> V
B B B
S
o -c-n s * M
a ,5
5» fe
11
5,_ 5_ 5_ 5__ 5^ 5,
u
O i-"-1^1-"-
•* —
S c "3 ^ 1^
a CB
IB 71
• 3* t ««l
1
S _ _ j
J|!l ill
I ill Mi|i
^ * ^i v - a"
%1
•*£* os jfS o
\»j ^o o •— • o ^"^ o o
u
>
H ^ «o ® ^ !3
k
s
J
lilUlil
ilifikti
H
S
•S *
hi
4> 08 3 S 01
o
"s 7i E— e E
s
nmnn
tit t III t
^3 TTTTTTTT
Q
"u
11111111
"s "§ "a "s "s "s "§ 'S
^
Q
71 7) 71 71 71 71 X 71
O
4j O. tn ^J jj
> >
> >
G
•• E " 3 o
o
O.O.CXO.O.
u
EEEEE
00000
OUOOO
168
TENER
•§
•€
-2
«
^=
-3}3
•OJ3
s"
Q
•D1S
'3AEq t
CEUJXO
•peq so '3AEq p[noqs so
'3AEq Jiuqs ><7
S
i_^
T3
'
*
\ - i
^
Q
"a
1> 01
u
ffl
•n
,c —
3
J
j
JO
'^
1
S
•7:
£
POSSESS, TO
PAST PARTICIPLE:
JUNCTIVE MOOD
Present
have
hou have
e have
our honor have
re have
t ye have
: they have
t your honors have
t**
\
S
•^
k
£
S^
0 TJ 2 O
•SgJSgllJ -g "S
£s«-5|«~«^ J -
Ia-3 h^-Sa £ ^, i- £
'r-3'rrc'OT-I3O^i O
•e °^ I's'S o c s -o c TS c
f'SJsJJila S^^-eJ"g-«2x
M2(i>o5?t>"o ^•'".e u o 5* " - o
M-9J S,» P,* P, HH-5^: >,? :»•£ x
> -t
7 2
4J ( 4; O
4J .n ^ ,q ^ > J* j;
»>.'*' *" >
•£^S
111
^i 'SHH^ 'usq*1 'ji
— ,_ —
HI « «J|| ^||||||J|
3
'5
0
pq
[3
^
*" \^** *
•
3
"5
Z
H
W
•s.
aS
a
a
a m os
-a a §
^
0^0
s«a E^ee^^g^^E^ee
« I«CB
1-ijJjJjt.JjUl.
1
1
5
HH
«
c'n
V 1)
-<=<-'
e e c
u i> a
c'cfe
•2-2-2
T T T ~ ~ ~ •— ~ T ~ •" T T ™ T IT
llllllll
ssssasss ^^43^^^^
1
3
9
0
1
>'
>'
"" 1 > ^ >
>- >
„
•e
C— l
,*
•oj3 'anbune 'sejj
0
0
V
||
2
-U3IUI 'opueno 'is
S
3
S
\ M
&%
Sz
'E
«
*-
3
pj
iK (d
W
5
rt
pH fji
_:
3
'c
D
_c
PQ cu
H
a
p^ S
Bi
^
0
W w
ai
5
"5
j>
s
I
a
22
W
(S
M
•3AEq oj pasn ^(7
»
ffi
er.
M
Q
C^
Ptf
=
>
?j
fc
1
M
t£ .£
5
o
PH
% I
5
rt
o
Q
1
« ~
3
3
5
/
>
H
rhen followed by
UGATION
>
«
J3
£
C
V
DICATIVE MOC
Present
I have (do have, ;
thou hast
he has
your honor has
we have
ye have
they have
your honors have
S-^
M ~ x ¥" 13
ccfitXw^C'aj T* <£
"" b£ ** C 5 SE ^* Jc ?•
1? Is .s s->-| g g "a ^ "^
«gj: c"^]~ £ c c> TJ c -c c
« 3 *~ S > >,~ "^"s S~J= 2"^~
C "CO) w ?
i-c £ j: :*> S s^'S x
£
>— >
c
yt
10
^
•2
•
C
C
4)
-*J
O
u
M
p w
w » f
* e e
«.2ee
no E r< e B 2 ° M 2 2
rfuJfl!
g"
r;
c'?
s s e
g.S.f
ceecccBC &&&&&&&&
cecBcece
c/:
M
s
S'2
ii«
5^«
«-^*-*,^*.*-*, ***-*-*. *.*-***.
*• ** *'*'*'*• *• *^
o^
^T
>
P
K* ?*• IT
>' ^
"c
M
k^
^
»^ ^**
^
S
—
I
A
TENER
i6g
I 2
S 3 ..
— 4) O SJ 4)
u *- >^ i >
> « M M S K'
R'Oja i.43^-
-"3t3-g2-o"
2j-=o^-3
-I'm OJ= ° O"
S J ?'
*• •••9*8§1
• i>i>D4*-^i'u^
C
OOOOOOOO
22222222
> 4> V
" -M +J
:^S
; ^ o
&< 1^
« j'g
1-2 Oil
« s X1 s >1
4>
V
4>
S « 41
S S « 3 -g o
U
0 >
1—1 rt rt
Ss|t3«|
c
rt •=
1
> — „*=
"8
gisSSs!^
> en rt fS S m
^2-= STJ-C^S
13 g"0 B'3'8 3 C
•3§"=x°'=|2
2 * o^-g o * —
l§^="s^5
2ljilsg.ll
K B
t V
. o >
eg 03 eg 03 a eg
•a
ee
3
a
1
E.2EE
11111111
cccceccc
u
J
0
2
0
o rt > u «
Ikij 1
III- I
Vs M u •*
5jT3 V 0 13
sostener.
auxiliary verb,
•ticiple agrees ii
to hold ; e. g., i
*>
•a
oj'a * 4) "3
> 013 > 0
.S-S.S.3 -S
S3*
<W +•• U
i
p 1— IH-I— |l— 1 I-H
IM
2
8 III! 1
£
s "
^
c.c t;
W
W 6 u o «
g re „
PL,
1-1 o "•• "1-2
4) -—
.« W
HH
f^ -jj « o c io
i. ujs
JT PARTI
^ o"S e'nr u
p ^0 tt 4) O b U
i— > ™*"*i*J O
obtener.
retener.
"ro. Habe
compound t
ve written t
«e-i
U
<S 3 3 3 S*'
v. «
c/:
M
R W
A
"&**
"*•" jf
PH
£ s
* e"v
C
»« o ^
»i'i 2
w
^
</3 13 5t
"^ §5 «
W
t-^
C-Ji R
* gj*^
w
o
^ .-d S
fe o-2
Z
—
2 cu o*** c **
CJ ^*'J*
£. g g 3 0 -..
C <*- (^
H
c
ft,__,Cl4O |
«*« *
Q
2
D
CJ
aa&aa ">
EEEEE ^
OOOOO ^
OOOOO
tener,
:ener.
^•2<1
0
•5
Ce
"> a .-
£
%»
*:§
K .2- C
g
^
B e
V B
SFH.S
0
&
k( S'C
o
"a1
S'o
c
"^42 S
j . U ^
« c.2
•o
rt
v "v -
JQ
•a "°
rt ^. r"
41
• rtTf_S
SJ--
_g
« ^-o— >
^11
O
•f^-5 |x
1-1 -0 in
r fe o
O
"S •*'*•— "3
b .
M>^.
*o
>T3 g"rt 0
6 4>
41 ? 41
*Q
2 J2 ji 'S'^
V B
-S B
OJ
S HH
c 4>
(A .~ ^q
^-
O ~~~
O ^
i =-
b
° • o
y ^
in « -
^
&g|
eg
5S . ** ^J ** «
£
o re ^
W
> "2|2|
pt
^>
"~ « T C *» V
P
< •£*'*J*'*J
_C* V
s
H ^.2 «'£r
--"eg
E
Q « eg 3 es "«
rt re ^J
g
« *****
8 .
^"3.§ <
o
z
t!
Q
tg
is
~tr. C "^
i'i^
1
n ••M ••«
JJ g S 3 §
• •
ljj8
o
CJ
ddddc.
EEEEE
1 ^
OOOOO
01 "2 **
OOOOO
.S rt s
I/O
TRAER
i
•D}3
'Suuq XEUI uo
•jqSnojq ^7
'Souq ppous M>
traido, bro
c .S
ff 1
^5
bo -° -o
| 2 wf|
•—• bo
3 O
W
Q
•C £
IT Js-flJ^i
^
J5 "° Jc in
4
H
-
S
BRING
PARTICIPL
NCTIVE MOC
Present
Ml 0 bCO
riUItll
funtii
^ slillill
3«Oj32o"coJ3
•S4 c ifl iZ *S «B ^. fa
"S *- -M4-+-+-
t (Second Foi
ilUftlJ
3J2 OJ= g g^-15
uO
,.,
H
H~.
a
.„
O
in
—i
f
^
^
3
2
H
PH
§
5
3
*^
CO
s*
5;
>
a
0)
Q
S g
S
•
O
3
3
W
W
SE.2 n c
a Cd C8 -eg eQ c9
a S « • II § g
«S»«!-5C5
)
OJ
"S
2
°S)
•s-i^i^-s-
JS a) .« .« :« .2 .2 .2
22222222
3
*
H
Q
-2
> ^
> >
> ^
o"
PQ
.
•^
0
5
CO
rt
P4
w
O
•o
B
^
2
>,
W
2
3
O
EH
b
— i
\
o
E
y
a
i
gj
EH
0,
-
E
2
y
5
S
0
00
H
5
bO
<
i
'2
£5
a*
3
M
O
H
•Suuq oj pasn .<*
>
s"
V
H
M
^
«!
33
O
«
PH.
1
M
q
u
H-'
.H
bC •?
3
<u
ET1
i
a M
3
4
^
^
H
O
u
(S
M
bio
•c
O
i
'ICATIVE MOOD
Present
a
bO « g1
1| 1 1
•Stf-8 MS
illllill
111 Illli
Imperfect
I was bringing
thou wast Bringing
he was bringing
your honor was bring
we were bringing
ye were bringing
they were bringing
your honors were brii
/^5/ Definite
I brought
thou didst bring
he brought
your honor brought
we brought
ye brought
they brought
your honors brought
—*
1=)
W
Z
•
o
*~ _ .
u o'r
H
.|S,J|g|
« E.2 E B
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2
** E*' £ 2
S
'5 '3 '« '3 '3 "5 '3 '5
fa
55
»M
> i
> >
> ^
TRAER
I/I
•Dja
'Suuq HEI4S -10
•ji|2nojq *o
*i
1
2
_D
. J u u u
« u u S u
------ -
~ — — i X
•S5?£g> 3°
§222 2
I**-8 -°
-i 1
j -0
Mo MO
-S
[ should bring
hou shouldst bring
le should bring
^our honor should bring
ive should bring
?e should bring
:hey should bnng
>-our honors should bring
0 S
c c
iE : habiendo traido, having
0
o
a
that I have or may have 1
etc. that I should have or had
etc. that I had or should have
etc. that I have or shall have
ese
that I should have or had
sustraer.
V ** *" y
§
t
. O MO
... ofi_tf C r"
.-I
A .
" O 0 O*
1 l«ee
uuuuuuuu
.V .U .V .1) ;U .« .U .U
a ' a1 a • a ' a ' a • a • ia1
•§
B
|
•/. 1.2 e c
sssossSs
2222-22»2
ffffffff1
BGATIVE
bring (thou) no
bring (ye) not
let me not bring
let him not brin,
bring not, your 1
let us not bring
let them not brii
, bring not, your 1
£NT PARTICII
SUBJUNC:
lllits
-3*-+-+,o«
£ s u o a e
B3 3 3 3**
retraer.
retrotraer.
|
>" >
Z
Q x
• * >
tn
W
t?
>' >
"^
Z M —
> E e e
PN
*2 o •
oooooooo
CO ^
</) 13
•D;a 'anbune 'SEJJ
s
> ||
a a a a a a
M o
£ §
"^d*:^
u«
•Udim 'oputno Lis
22222222
4>VVV-^4>VU
S O O
i CB
c
e o o o o o
ssssss
2 £
w n
H g
Q S
&O.O.O.O.
C C C C B
extrae
maltra
s* eJ • a1 a1 ii' a • a1 a"
^
2 0
C C C C B
00000 ;>
>' t
^
D u
OOOOCJ
>
Q
O
S j
o
0,
b
.-
o
S
"E,
So
0
s?
• ii
M
M! s3!
o ^
J3
3
"Is- 3
22
•S**
• S'C 3 -'-H 3
<*1
UJ3 O-r _ O
e "* J " •*•
^
• .•§,'£' Ml
"0-9
— a 3*3)2
U MM
c "~ ho i2 -^- ho
>
M 0) O 3 2
W C G
c — c c
2
-*j" ^ ^ 2 ^
s •°-a
JJ^jJJ^jJ
o
3 ft* « 4) rt
NH
*°*
Sg-13^^
M M
^
e
. u
* >
>o
M '*
.g -|
5
.H 'E
E
C;
iti
!S -^
?
.5 2 M~
•o
5j^5i?:5)5i
Q
HHM S " "
*J 09
e «
WS M^.S M.S w
C n £ u u C t u
V
s
1-
.f||l|fl|
22
*J**
222222
1
1
jj
o
s
0 • 0 "'
O 4>
o-o
*J^ "C O -D *C O
«
"3 —H o *d .2 o
w
m ^ QJ ^
^ — — ^" ~^ ,0 £3 ^
s
— '> — 2 "« — -c _2
CJ
"3 S 3^ o"3 i^
W
«« o51'3
^
h £ = * S" P >>3
^ 3 S u "ao ^ ^, ^
<
o^ a '™ a Jz
•C "-=x xl >.-^ ^
"3
^•Jja >,S S,-° ?.
H
u
2i 2i*"
u
$ ~
s
6
z
S
2.2 «-«-2
2 si
•
o
•«-S-a^|-Sce
R
o
» e£ss
.2,2.2,2.2-2.2 S
s
2
i~i
v a 3 a a
11
Q
»i
fc
Q
O
> ^
> >
OH
" E « 3 O
S
O
u
do. 0.0,0.
EEgEE
O O O O O
UUCJUU
172
- VENIR
*
1
'3UIOD XBUI -«>
•3UIE3 JO
'auiOD pjnoqs *o
1
o
-
1
%
I 8
1 1 *%
2
B
2
4)
w
MOOD
s I
8 8
U O 4) 0
E « g « (u E g
^«!lllgi*
K EMolZop""
? o-o o u u 8-0 2
.5 U"=-B §2-c "= 2
^ 2J3 § ="= 2§
3*9 oj= 2 ouj=
^ E ie
S II u
J: " 2
c? 8 8 u o
^iliiiiii
\
1
I
'>
V
S
O
u
RTICIPL
NCTIVE
Present
° J v c « "^ o
t? 2 sf i.-3-S x"
.5 «1 «§««s§
^ «— J= >,*>,— >,
•v. •!•!•!!•! •! I!
IbfiiSil
rv i-i-sj: >,> >,— >,
On ^j^^^^^j^j^j
v_x rertoirtrtcSrtrt
jsj=j= ^= — — — —
0
I
->
V
1C
o
<
&.
H
£3
HI
>
{
!
|
o
C/3
x
K
s
1
Q
9
£
II
<
(X
'• !•= 5 =
s «
» £.£• = =
2£2SccCE
^ s
•f. i.;- F =
vvuvuvvu
••••9 • Si
1 in italic
w
C
ncecceee
.CeeeeccB
B B B .e .e .e .B .B
|
1
0$
>
'£
5.
1
>>
•e
o
1
2
PC
Pi
w
>
W
w
w
z
iniendo, en
>
> £
> S
e letters are
j
69
>
^
\
T3
3
w
en
t*
(4
W
w
5
o
r-1
J
cu
J
a,
jj
o
S
u
t-
N^
?
i
1
0
35
tt!
<;
_^
M
'<
*
Z.
Oi
I
3
>
a
«
O
I-H
H
25
0
•=
'>
H
w
C/3
•acaoD oj pasn ^c
g
i
••
<
'
V
—
C
°
O
j*
c
*
3
O
£D
&<
'g
se
*
3
3
rt
H— »
£
c
I 1
-
_^
O
u
B
E 8
i
4
-
u
_o
U
o
0
Q
O
O
s
M 4)
C S £
E 1 o
88 °
•** «
c f >• C
te 8 be a
*c bo rt C c C >
Jflf ifle
41
« S ^
11 S
.•§ 8 " B
[o
V
M
~
w
!
SlgB PC
sIsslllJ
E.IO.OOI.
C™U*"(Jy>tS
|JI||||I|
•l^iillill
JS
W
H
«?
0 2 0 0 « U_E 0
H- •= j: >, S >-•£ x
r«|jiliftsl
v. °_^ a o ^ ai^ o
be
H
U
<£ "
>
g
z
« IBB
• E .'i e e
« 5|||
1
I
lilHii!
••s-S-s S S-^-i
5 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
.c!S.C BiE^fiiE'S
VENIR
173
^Si."
'3UIK> JO
et me not come
et him not come
:ome not, your honor
et us not come
et them not come
:ome not, your honors
COMPOUND TENSES
COMPOUND INFINITIVE: haber venido, to have come. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo venido, having come
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBIUNCTIVE MOOD
I have or may have come, etc.
I should have or had come, etc
I had or should have come, etc
I have or shall have come, etc
I should have or had come, etc
subvenir.
supervenlr.
•
i £
5 o
8 °
j{fj|fS]
I 1
i s .1
8 « g S u.S 2
S3 SiHJl
Pres. haya venido, etc. t
Imp. ( ist form) hubiera venido, etc. t
Imp. (ad form) hubiese venido, etc. t
Fut. hubiere venido, etc. t
Con. hubiera or hubiese t
venido, etc.
same manner :
r. provenir. revenirse.
reconvenir. sobrevenir.
•/
0)
e
^ .*S ^ o
"S o £ Si
» C «i - - a ^^
•v x c .« c C >DOJ
^ 4)4)^4)V4>4>4) — — ~
.E .E .B .E .E .E .E .E
"^ E .E .E .E .E .E E 5 g
b h i. t. t. h u\! "* «3
>9 >
iiiin
U 4} V 4> V O
oooooooo H yy
S P "I
•3ja 'anbune 'SBJJ
-uaiut 'opuino 'is
a>
i s
i 8
0 _^
jjSmSgjjg*
S
ta E.i2 E E
llllllll
EEEEEBBE
• •• • 6 • • •
>>>>>>>>
> $
« E.-EB soo
COA93E8Q3}COcQ — BB
o o o o o e
B E E E E E
a
&
0
•a
CA (Q
t- t- 'r*
0 0 >
c SB
2 o ° £
E o 5 = 8 s OT
g u o § g o -3
".§ " « u " B
"~°""".s
K^S > -
S E E °
« a a ta ss cs "g
esesise -5;
VVUVVVVU g
.E .E .E .E .E .E E E «J
'. have come, etc. Comp
had come, etc. Comp
when) I had come, etc. Comp
shall have come, etc. Comp
should have come, etc. Comp
Conjugate in the
avenir. convenir. desconvenir. interveni
contravenir. desavenir. disconvenir. prevenir.
K- > C
> > 0
Conditional ( Consequent)
veni/ria I should come
venaV-ias thou wouldst come
ven</Ha he would come
V. ven</ria your honor would come
venr/riamos we should come sl
ven,/; iais ye would come
ven</rian they would come
VV. ven</rian your honors would come
IMPERATIVE
•ven come (thou)
venid come (ye)
" "' 'C "
S4|d
Jllll
e > > -
S-fstl
.C.C.C.O
<u ea 3 a ea
£££££
u
Q •
SS£S~n
h g cO 3 0
JS
"3
Ml
•§
§
S.
•o
I
U
>
«
fi.
J
a&o.aa
EEESS
o o o o o
OCJOOCJ
1 74
§
'S
bJO
•i— >
§
U
S -8
o
CO
CO
cq
Pi
•d
S.
1
'dsBjS XBUI -<0 -padsuiS ^o 'dseiS pjnoqs ^
0
4
1
p. |
2 &
s
0
E
ST PARTICIPLE :
g- M T3 -0 "2
8 1 1 ITalslfl'll ? i"
§ " M ^ ft"S5'^"2'*^ ^ -0 M TJ &
J frifrlls-ii ^sllllfll ^lllllll!
« ^ g'Mi«J:22!"- ^ 3« ox ° o-Sx S S*Mgx2«&x
> 8 23&5«ib«>>5 .hx'3i^«-S^h S h.S«^MMXS
H 2! "JslStJl ^ "J-uo^aj^g t>i &J«>o««Jo
[j SM7:x>,>>>-x ^/HH-SJSX^ >,•£ >. ^ « — x >,S >,-s x
n
OH
S •£•£•£•£ -5 •£•£•£ "§ xxxxx -x - -^ xxxxxxxx
X./
J— 1
« ^ "^
£ » i
•
-.**
w S ^
—
c/5
<; J
2
^^
• «B
^^
01 0 0
B
P^
n E~ c c « E .- e e
«B
O
bi
O
~
c
'a
wtntntAtniAtfiift tntAtfitnc/itniAX x 75 x 71 x x x x
•••••••I asaaaaaa ••••••••
'H
e
M
^ > >' > >- >
~
II
w
•
B
It
U
e
13
i
tf
t_^
2
v
0
a
<*
H
h
W
M
3
PQ
cu
J
a,
•
W
u
•2
•e
^
00
h
r
^
2
i
w
OH
1
E
H
•dSEjS oj pasn ^o
V
Pn
en
W
1
1
o
OH
'H.
^
OH
M
2 u J
*
^
Q M O.
o
0 E 18
O bd 2 M" "°
CONJUGAT]
O.
E
&
o
C
S ft& g- S «*Mb«.Sg %. a &
g » 6. 5 ! l,^!il!il! ||l .5
' ^°o. *• a." C>o-bo«i.2i«Mi2 c> ^-a <• *a -a * "
SltlHhtl liiHilil ^lilitlil
u "S ««i«x2« «x ,5: ^SjgxSjjSx v» M -3 S x « « fex
2 3 & t; M be >. 1= ^ 5 3 S S * S xi: 3 2 3 bbi: M & >, h
Q &2«oS«^o s2«o«uSo C ^S^guo^g
£ M rg * p. >»•«(«, « •£ x >, S >,•£>•, ^«-sx^S>,-5>>
"3
M
•
tf) (A « C C
o
H^
a
O Ex-- V OV09
-. ^ E p r & C ._ C C *- c^UU
^2««±*5S «CBCB«C8CBCB« 9 S 2 5 JS * *
H
aaesaaassd nsaaSSao eacaescsesaeBeo
>7
• • •
£+
HH
> > >
fa
** ^ *»•
A SIR
175
•dswS IIEIJS -to
a
•= eJgS a
2ru"3'« u
5 > oj= >
& »
f ^"« V ^
8 S
S-O V 5, T3
fco "«
«"3 * U "3
0,
CX M
ft *
rt 2 &*3
O
c
C
0
> OT3 ^ 0
rt x et rt ^:
— r. ^: ^ co
n E
— bflyj O cn y ^ r-
c
— _ — _ »— t
* B
^v
2 T3 So " 80 ^5^3 M
Z
s
j:x j= j= -H
g. 0 0.0
^
°* 3T3 °2"O"3 2
JS
X
** ** "^ "^ *^
o.™ «*0 2 8*2 °
g wg-fl 2 « SbJ=
1
'I'gJJ 2 o-gj
1 at
w
J
>
p
U 0 0 g
, ^lll^ll
«
S
^
«|j|^ll
o
C u
rt 2 3 &M13
PH
U
u
^
t3
"J'lll .
S Y
JT
^^ o
*•*, bJQ O ^ •*-• O
H
O tfj tft « cj
2 fl S B o oJ
[? 'aiiq.» 'uaqja. 'JT
"5
"*•
J-u1
Q g *P *f O *P
s
a s § a 2 o
^
B (A
H ^.^
" p C C ? C
PH
LC
0
'<;
to B._ C C
4)V4)Q)4)U4)4)
E o-o-
n cn M
E^'S o« 2-s ci«
ifl M 0«< «
x^'£!EZ |
•fij
i • • *2 • Z 3
< £ 2
C"^
S 2 2 2
££££££££
§
HI HI |'|
,„«« 3«a
U Mbfl
-- ^- fe
M
aasaaaaa
°
Q
X ^
C/3
||
'i
^
^
< 18 *
""lea w
PH
2—
** >
00000000
« S,5
a a a a a a ^
Q
- N
(A
^* (ft w
tfi tfl to wv tft tn CO
M • • .-d
•3ja 'anbune 'SBJJ
-U3uu 'opuena 'is
tn E-2 e e
22222 "2 22
£ 03 03
2 O O
Sec
H
eg eg eg at eg 03 2
o o o o o o a
eeecec £
^
O
PH
v g-S-'g e
aaaaaaaa
ft,
Q
O
ft ft ft O> ft
EEESS
o o o o o
;
> ••"
3
O
OU JOO
>
C
O
v ,
O
'Z
o
E 2
fiQ
o o o
H
c c X
CX o U
w g-g-
I E&
8 09 a) 03 a eg
eg 09 eg eg a a
±S M = — . M~ C
'
u «
E.i c c
,2..2.2.2.2
aaaaaaaa
> ^
a a a a a a a
> f
aftftftft
eseee
o o o o o
UUUUU
1 76 CAER
•DJ9
'IjB} XBUI -«?
'IP} -^ '1IEJ Pinoqs ^ -^
w
s
fl
_' g
3 1_ sj s 2
hJ
cq
S
S
w
Q ^5
8 g I ' J
llliliill ^ s-ja-sl 1
a
o
g
ij
PM
5
> | lllllll!
Illlbtll |«llblll |
'3
0
H
^ ,1 •ll-S'll'S-5-S
^-jiiujii ^JJlilJJi -
bfl
j&
H
<
<" ^3 ** *
^^^
3L °
'a*
0
H-f
H
X
pa
^ ^ -
<Z ^^ t/i
CJ
^•j
<3
t/3
^ » 81 « «
a
o
En
(M
to
e
« e.« e c
Baaaa.aaa
o ^ o S
x E^nc « E.2ecJ=
8
*
H
3SSSS3SS
33535355 53333355 «
0
M
ii
to"
O
II
_=
> ^
> t > t £
^ ^ u
CO
a
B)
M
^2
o
i— i
u
W
W
^
O
.2
a
•a
0.
4^
O
z
c
o
1
a
0)
s
M
a
H
s
S
>
(4
M
Ci}
H
£
*t
>
a,
1
o>
2
•™
1
In
H
C/3
2
CO
Ej
s
§
C
0)
in
H
04
H
£
^
H
0
OH
0
1
7.
s
*
fe
S
•[IB}Oipasn^ •«
g
i— i
H
8
g, 'E
o
O
3
I 1 S
OH
p
Q e
O « « =5
to ^ bog - 1
p^
*~~*
O _- -3 42
— bo ^ c* ^S i -^ ^ "o> w
—
^H
rt
§s ^5
TO «j t"
S^'rt.S ^;Hs"«M vi "* "^ 'M «
O
u
•*"! 5 fe !-
., u O 0
SH -jj o— a — c
^ §* ^3"^ tfl O«, r2 O
SjaSgglgJ J ] J gj \
u
p 5 S "^ "3 ~ 3 ^ 7,~
*» «a§"^Sj^i- Q~g2 U22">,~ 8
§
a
<I* V 4S O **^ 3 4}**^ 4) ^
"^ ^Ouo^fli^O XA^O^O^W^O CO
Ui
0
U *N HH •£ X >1 S S'x^ ^
1^ >-<'5j3 >> S t^'S >- g i— I'S.S >i S >>»J >% «
o
M
W
*
•S
*• 1
M W
2 « « c B
o
- -A » §13 ° ° ^
S
&8««§£5S
aaaaaaaa ^ >^ >• ^" ^ >• ' ^
aaaaaaoa
'3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 'a 'a a « '5 'a a a 5
CAER
3**«*
g -£- „*-
£
M
S
•c fe'Cp*'i
E |J| «
S "a
a «-i
-2 3
0
u"3 ^ u"3
,
rt 3
9
> o"8 > O
* ° — ==Js
3
~a •S
~ — JS~ — « M
U
a o
— = — . o
53-SS " -3T3S2
^-•3-0 §2-0 "3 g
- 2J-30^3J§
5 3« QJ: 2 o-^-fi
|
U
Q « « « « rt
^
~« o1" st*"™ u* 3
« Jg^Bl^h
1
a 0 d d 0
l*"^4JO*^l>'-O
I-H w ,£>->? >V*3 >*
^ »|j|UftlK
I. 2
£
^ . § « « 8
s* .
0 0
w
J
h ^ o o o 2
CJ ^-aTS-a 3
£ -D}3 'tiSnoiplB
^ z
8 '3IIU.AV 'uaq.vv 'jt
1
0
., c •/] _ _
B — C C
s S
'I ft 1.2 BB
•^» 4)4)4)&)V4)V4J
If
H S-jy
rt **N 3 *— * ., is
-0°"1°
==:l^
o E o ^ a> o
ARTICIP
Z o'3's 5
D 2 u o u g '
c/3 ^2 2 IE 2
uuuuuuuu
** *>i)u*i-i>ui'i>
< —~
I "*" S ™-
^_,
fi ri ft f* ?*
u 3j rt 'S i>"rt
3' 3' 3' 3 3' 3' 3* 3
^j 33333333
£ ""
H
^^
> >
a
z
. 0 >
2
•r.
il
O o
>
< ^^
>EEE
\A
t»-S
•D}3 'anbunfc 'SEJJ
oooooooo
> */S,
333333
co
U
2*
M^^ ."8
-uaiiu 'opuuro 'is
0
5 S3
S3 3 « S 8
U U U U U
co
Z
oj
S dd*j B
R g c 3 O
SSSSa'333
| IS
o o o o o o
B B B B B B
U
H
S
O
aaaaa
809(93333:3
1
Q
Z
o
EESES
OOOOO
UUUUU
°
Q
D
> ^
O
o
2
s
s
"S
e
o
W o o
> c c
u
1— _ ° s °
u - ii
< "^
~a£ t^^ 5
a
« " u
w IS
"" S ^ § >*
_;;
5
"-111
s SS
J2££2.2£
t>
>
^ aJ^*- rt^J
2
a) c rt w Sj
^
2
*3 JS fs •"*'
i | ; — ;
. a >
uS f5 ^^ — ^O
1 1
5 ^
S5 *••; *72
^ -2 5- ~ 2
a — — >—• « s
•a
V V
ss
>EBB
333333
0
•3
'3
U
u
Q (0 "^ ^-5 "3
§|||||
333333
3 — >2 = — 4S~ G S .H 2"O c-5-a"§ c
•„ r-S- 2^-:i 2 r« ? §"3 « §3 U
k-;:*^-^"^- >J g S"^ o
s5 = *3"S>-5 v-x-cS^3I"S;t>3
"^j w^ o o ^ 4; _^ o >SSA ^ g a> o 5^ aj .n ^
. — _____— ^2 lrulruuui'i'
3333SS33
a M — °
C.C. Q.O.O.
ES sas
OOOOO
oouoo
DAR
•a
I
1
t
*
'1
5
W
>
h- 1
PAST PARTICIPLE:
Q e J
.£ 'M
o i
M .£ u O « .,.> O
S •»•» V ^fl > "^ .^ > &0"2"
H 1 "JsSSsJ'l
U \i i-c ~.c xS >,•£ >>
§ .>
. ! 3M
^ •»*l«.ij
R « « &•£.£ > MC°
^ .&2"av. a-a-o s
[? aa^j 0-0^3 "g 0
i 111 jjiii
2 ° ^-^ u"^ -fi ^ *-
.3 j-'PcflSCflt/i>%S
Szjjuul
Second Form)
L I gave
t thou gave
: he gave
t your honor gave
: we gave
ye gave
: they gave
: your honors gave
JO
•§
h2 •=•£•£ -S -S •= -c •£
Vj SJ^^J^J^
^ JJJJ^JJJ
S
r
>
"I
O
H
^ ~ ~ ~ .- — ^ _
n
t>
C/3
!
Vi --•"---•--
1
1
£
>
3
c"
«
s
(A
e
C
4
«
4
.2
"rt
6/j
<3
ft
8
« E.£ee
2 2 2 2 2~2 2 2
M P » e e
<A C . - — —
Q)4)4)VVVVV
CfiWJdfitfltfiCOWW
a
2
S
'ET
PQ
ti
_c
•a TS •« "o ^ tj -a ^
•o -o -a •o -o •« -o -a
•o-o-o-a-o-o-a-o
i
0
3
o
o
P<
•a
> ^
> i
^ >
aj
a
4
T3
M
W
o
e
>
>
W
•o
5
3
•£
b
W
W
z
a
a
•o
5
jj
3
>
O
T3
ffi
H
H
a
W
J
i
S
O
O
i
fe
j
CL,
CLc
O
§
*
O
S
H
I
o
W
P<
T
J
1
-3
fe
O
t— I
<
04
H
A
3
>
v
>-,
^2
§
o
iz
H
cfl
W
C^
•3Ai3 o; pssn ^o
\
4
TJ
JiD
PU
^^
' x
~
(J
i
[~>
M
bO
Jjf
q
o
ft— 4
'^
M =
3
3
1
o
u
•a
9 P
C '>
;s -a
3
4
t
H
B
co
VC
Ov
M
<u
•a
0
o 1 a g
O t) > -5,
S * ft
a*i iT
> 5; -S-.^ iSou ...s o
H - Ss-a'S'a'ESf
o 53'!^ Is xl 1
$|i|i||Si
« S
••S s | a
S -a «• 2
^ 1 S0 ^
^ giii|iy
1
°
a
g
s
1
•9
H
0
^ w E .2 s c
« E.icc
QcoacscQacsa
«.- e e
v o v e o
«-^^> E « 1 1
£j
•§ •a -o -a -a -a -a •n
T) -o •« -a 5 -o -a 5
•9 -o •« -a -a -o -o -o
179
•oja '3At2 ijetjs *o
having given.
• have given, etc.
or had given, etc.
Id have given, etc.
1 have given, etc.
or had given, etc.
> i
« g «1
'ecedenf)
I should give 1
thou shouldst give
he should give
your honor should give
we should give
ye should give
they should give
your honors should give ,,
I 1
TICIPLE: habiendo dado,
JNCTIVE MOOD
), etc that I have or may
ado, etc. that I should have
ado, etc. that I had or shoui
ado, etc. that I have or shal
r hubiese
;. that I should have
Future
« 1* = e
^? i *
EGATIVK
0
c _
^-- o
3 -
II
o « o
tj _r >x
SJ.S I. !>'&>-
•S bO 3 > „ 3
&™l'fibo o
•£ = ^- C ^
i = «- o c --
r P ° c S 2
2.5 e «^ e
C J2 sj 3 *^ u
M
<
fc
H
M
y.
i— i
«
o
ta
•g-o-a-a c s
3 3 D -J 3 .
•a c • E E e
>,Z S !5 Z s
a 3 3 s s73
•
| n E.- c e
Hs -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
X
'So'Ei
'g
T'i'
«^5<3«««««
^ ^ ^
a
ft.
^ o
>' ^
M
•S >
w
w
Q
2
11
oooooooo
£
>
•<s
E c c
w
D
« • • . *o
•Dja 'anbune 'SEJJ
-usnu 'opuinw 'is
« E.2ec
P
<
S
5 v
o o
•a-a-o-a-a'a
e o o o e o
2
W
£-,
C
S
S
" g g 3 0
•o -o •« -o -a TJ -a -a
1
CC CBECEE
Q
C
U
ddd dc.
Egggg
^
^
^
00000
^ >
,
D
OOOOO
-si"
^
8
2
£
O O
:OMPO
C C
u
.
o 5* 2
^
^^
0 g* _^
0
<
0"JS
"^'?|'a| |
a
E
"«c-
%
''u'V'
6 2 «- S -S «-
•&.
a • I S>
Z
S
'Sb'So
5^-a^5-a
|
*T
c -.*jO w >
I 1
4 |
,1
•o-o
.S >
>Ecc
0
•o
a
•a
Q
O
c
ill]]
%. % « g *
tMrudM
|||ig'Ms§
1
S
w
• 0
•a-SMC-'Ssg
"° 2 o— c"^ o §
£
>
u " « u
^
— £ — J3 jSS £J3
§ "i * o-15^ o ^•c
u
?
o - " ^O
S
lillHll
•5 "--s ^>* >•- =*
H
•J
P
iijij
0
« E .2 c e
§ O
:* « £•- = =
"S -2 -2 -S .2 .2 -2 .2 .2
\
1-1
« « 3 a s
«««««^««
Co -o -o -a -a •« 13 -a TS
Q
"5
•
-*
^5
Q
> >
>
^
™
^
O
u O* w *« C
ft
" g « 3 0
P
O.O.O.O.O.
-
O
EEEEE
o o o o o
OOOOO
1 80
IR
35
•DJ3 'OS AEIU
•3J3
'oS pjnoijs
1
•ICIPLE:
o
; -
8, §> fJLI&fcP ^ i
tH
«
bO m O h£i*^ 3 in O*c2 O"^J3 *^J ^ ^ § J3 4> § ^
5
.0
pt!
<
H
^ S)o^|«««§ ^ "Sj^Se il 1 ^ !• I1
H
3
.
0
Pk
M
s HH -5% >,*>,•£?, iq M'S^ >,* ^.-S >> ^ «5j= >,* >,-£
3
A
.S
o
H
U
5 ^^^J^^g J_5 "" ' jl .S J: j= J j= j| .5 ^^JJ^JJj^
•JJ
3
— >
3
rt
C
o
H
b
%
:?
^ 3 - ' !~
^ p
;
1—1
U
&
s' "S1
II
X
S • tM *
o
§ * °
3
u
p^
3
a,
c
1-1
s^ls, s^lfll siSSllll sis sill
H
(T
0
PQ
W
'§)
> >' > i >
S
>
w
•<
«?
W w
o1
•o
3
"•8
E S
c
u
^
3
fl
t"1 H
J
'f"i
r fJ
w
>
^
H-^ "
ij
)
w
o ^
PJJ
S
"e
y
u
^ "-1
H
1
1
9 w
•<
5
LH
i
>
<3
H
q
•
O
W
»
.5
W
U
|~>
«
i
U
u
a
O
a,
•oS 01 pasn *o
j
1—1
u
'So « SP
^
3
u
S
.
*P
.S .S '3
O O bO
t« bo
J
2"
O
6 « o t? 2 ^u g
t
1
H
w
,2
So
C
M
d
M
O
CATIVE MO
M •§ tc S c SP'S S o S
-v»*4> C o'S^tJOC^^^C ^ 'S-*-»Sw4-tS
lsSii-=o0a^ %^ss§JsssJ ^Izllll*
5 o = t>oSMM^3 J^ 53ShsS>^i: N £3*=£><
45ijslsg.il t'^Jjlsyi *.«ijlig,i
t
W
>
S
g
^N tfi
as (ft M— e
O ° u o « §
1
H
S
|>3i«H|l ^l^^llll 53 ^111
IR
181
"
/
§
9
"
V
1
M)
ly have gone, etc.
e or had gone, etc.
uld have gone, etc.
ill have gone, etc.
e or had gone, etc.
o
a u
^-i O
o
So
B C
00 o 2
o O o W-£
I 1
Solo0al
1 ^4? =2 ""si
iilllllll
^ ji 3"§ *•""•§ >.*•
s
ayamos, is abbreviated t(
PLE : habiendo Ido, !..r
IVE MOOD
that I have or mi
:tc. that I should hav
:tc. that I had or sho
:tc. that I have or sh;
biese,
that I should hav
hree being ser, estar am
5t definite stem with ser, t
*j M~A >>* >>« ^
^"-•S £*£•£ °
s s >•
C CM)
U
f . . *U 1W <l> g
U s o o o *
0 °"
•S '
8 "3}a 'qSnoqjjB
"S '3nHM 'uaH.*1 '}}
g
•S *
§0
«"= =
O o O tC
PARTI
55 -3 ** : 3 o
B -a « u D « ^
Z? — • C * u C
W 4) 4> 4) 4> -
H-j 0 M MM M MM G
11
u c
~ >>
O
HS s B-Sea
"2?
r" ~ >i
u .§ o" M Si 'S «
H
OT a s s 3 3 —
«•?
| « II'H | s
£ ^<^<^<^
H ^.•2
< 00
^ MM)
%
. "g
.ESEN
£££££
fl
> —
gj
»3 ^
.S J3
> 3
K
,0,0
> ^
oooooooo
0
z
< M>w
> "3.
co
M
CL|
fl
si
e «
w O
£Z
•oja 'anbunE 'su-u
-aatiu 'opu«na';s
o
« «* ^
M O O
o o o e o o "
CO
Z
H
£_,
-z
0
O
PH
Illil
a
Is
tn
4)4)4)4)'4)4)4)4>
* B6
B B B B C B £
c. c, ti, c. c.
vK(V<$.<V.'Vl»t<x'V
£
o
a
o
EEEEE
t. C
>'>''* i>
U.
.£-
+7
o
00000
^ro rt
*>'
<
rt
D
UUUUU
Ml 4)
p"
fi.
O
'I ^
g
--
0
2
g.S
S2 •
g §>
O
u
«S
^
° §;J .2
•
S2-S
|^
s
o *^
<e o
H91
< O^-x
M ^ 3 §D 2 3 C8
1
t>§ .
CJ o
S"S >^
E S ^ 3 •£ ^ M
u
o • 1 c" °
.s «
S gjgo
" " a^S ^ S -s
J
'o-
s
-0
£
«T "-"« u «
•~ D
• > -S
o
o g^ 5^
i'l
= &
O
O MJ
M)
OCB I
a a a g s a «
u
ll|il
C.o
0 S
5 3
O3 Q
x M §o So*
»S
_rt
a
Q
0 J
'5
5 12 o-^ S 3"g o o
M)
H
1!
— ^3-* 5-2 £•*
g 3 ^ o — j: o ^~
C
o
H
fj] •JJ *j a>
•".a
1 Illicit
^^•1^ ll >J 1
1
p.
S
fe
^ c3 « J.T O
£H ^ T3 • *—
|.s
1 «
s o
1
g
d H Jil
ft
•«4g«9 •«§!•« -a
|s E«CB
.-J S.«.S.2.M.*.S.2
I
Q
Q 4) a 3 es a
o j;
4J --
1
o
"u
.2 «
> ^
^ > >
a
° -0
•£ J
t^
j
A
S C. to " B
J> *^
O
S gS 3 0
.- w
o
aaaao.
—
EEEEE
O
o o o o o
e
UUUUU
0
182
IRSE
•319
o3 XE
XB.«E JUSM uo
og ppoqs -
fl .-2
o .
'j3 w
cd •"
b£ rt
3 .a
.,-, -.
§ 5
w ts
•g I
S I
CO
pq
«
W
>
a
&
o
pq
tt
3
i
x S>
X ™ 0
m O -:
| «1 X^1
« 2
* I
x* ^2 rt'n'S'g
M
B
J
™ O
a.
Q
£ « S1"
S s In o"« O o Sfl "
AWAY.
PARTICI
O
o
s
W V.
>-^« °S«£°
«rtjcs>i«e
i&5J«50l
« be .e o «J=
a§M>s*b« jps
"•SJEJ&J!
r? "^S-a °"O-T33 O
Q
tfl
U X
jf j= J-SJ: -£-5 -5
-s> ^S^^S^Jsj-
O
Pi
§
V*
o
5"
1
£-H
Cfl
^
ta
e
•
o
E
E
X
rt
2 S « B 2-5 g |
CO
rt
?** ?-b& £>?>*
4) J- U !••« U u U
away
went aw
ent away
honor w
ent awa
ent away
went aw
honors
8 gg»
e w
e we
ey
our
-•SJII.iM!
iimii-a
^
U g
I1
> •
cH :
w
. a
^ 2
z
a
Ea • • 2 •• •
•w « « e o « «
H •«
M w ••
T< J w
^11
fa w «
oS o) pasn
C
O
u
00
ON
X
rt
X
x tc x.S
>%
5-
DICATIVE MOOD
Present
I go away (do go aw
thou goest away
he goes away
your honor goes aws
we go away
ye go away
they go away
your honors go away
Imperfect
I was going away
thou wast going awa
he was going away
your honor was goin
we were going away
ye were going away
they were going awa
your honors were go:
Past Definite
I went away
thou didst go away
he went away
your honor went awa
we went away
ye went away
they went away
your honors went aw
J5
M
09
•
s
o
j tn _
3
2-500
CM 0 0
^3« »I|"
:|_S.S M:S^^^
1
•i
^Iti
o
6*9 • 2(9 9
~ f. r. 1. - r i.
••• 2999
•AtSiStl
•3j3 'XEMB
OS [[BUS SO
•XBMB JUSM *o
>, x
«
1 -
IRSE
ee paragraph 2, § 120.
lo, having gone away.
lay have gone away, etc.
ve or had gone away, etc.
ould have gone away, etc.
liall have gone away, etc. >_,
00
ve or had gone away, etc. OJ
fe>
rt1 0 . S,
•
^i
C rt.c <a rt
Future
„- . r I go away
^: H thou go away
"f "" 1 he go away
'"M j y°ur honor go away
os § 3 I we go away
"f J ye go away
_~ they go away
^ L your honors go awa
z'0M0/ (Antecedent)
I should go away
thou wouldst go aw
he would go away
your honor would g
we should go away
ye would go away
they would go away
L your honors would j
M
•^
(thou) not away
(ye) not away
me not go away
him not go away
not away, your honor
us not go away
them not go away
not away, your honors
.S
B
rt
"rt
3
"3.
e
o
1
•o
c
o
PARTICIPLE: habiendose
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
'a ido, etc. that I. have or
liera ido, etc. that I should 1
liese ido, etc. that I had or •
lere ido, etc. that I have or
>iera or me
se ido, etc. that I should 1
8
« « » .2 B E
^
llsillll
H
8
o o
MM
«* ass a
1
H
Z
08 3 3 3 3~
EB BB 9 B B •
•w to <n B O to to
1
E *- to to B O to <o
^ >
^ >
%
a
z
<
H
>
M
81
||
§^i§§
& «^§ !«>
i
C0
M
CO
D PRESE
1II11'S
81
•IJ
> ^
oooooooo
P
?:
-2 o
g 1> U 8 « «
0
2
M
Z
S
-'S
•313 'anbunE 'SEJI
S
M
E
o o
E B
e o o o e e
e e e e e e
o
E
H
O
a.
Sdd*:^
-uaiui 'opuBna 'is
E
•a
a
S
> E E^.^
a » - - 2-= e c
S s 2 a j 1 1 g
J
>
0
z
D
O
U
°
aaaao,
0
Q
i
2
EEEEE
o o o o o
EB B B * B B B
.3
s
ooooo
•w to to B o to m
•
V
o
Kj.'
M
0 0
-2
u
^
0 . "
> >
g
. 0 >.§
«
rt
.a! .^
'._ /
H
X
X rt >
•9
rt
X * rt
•a
^
rt «
$ « § S * o
§
u
§
u . ^ rt ^
«j o E g rt
w
^_^ s
O ^ fejQ
B
M
»aj w rt u
K
OH
2
ll
SjfSjf
c^ 5 s-13 E
c J3 rd 3 -*-» rt
0
E
•a
u
rt
ji
?f|l!
x
2, s
O 0
•M *•* O ** +* Q
a
o
fi M 9 S 4
i? M
bet*
JK — i t/.'^ — tC
*•*
O C "^ rt
S rt
<c^
5" o 2,
Ml
o
MI oi-^j:^
0 °
^
S
EM >>M
Xrt ^TJ rt'xSS
>
.5
|O
>"O §"rt O
Future
£.£ x^« xgS
MhS M)c — MC2 B
a
I
s
C
^t
Q
S
O
1»USE|S
0J2 P MO ""co
SS^STJ M2-
•a =-0 Sa-d s a
IHllilj
o STwa o B<a
•s g * s^ * &a
2i5l*8JI
^^ w J5 >^ ? >i+* >^
5§
&2
U ^" O » »
• B B fl 4 9
ill SBB
os 03 s | s a
"o
1
1
1
TIVE: haberse
:ATIVE MOOD
^^"f " w
. " « " »
(A
.•3
§
B
Z
u
4) ed 3 a «
8
o
O
c
S
i
S
&*
o u « u u
•
^
i||{i|i|
5
£
Q
I"H
EEEEE
EB B B 5 ft B B
w • • B B B B
BB-BB£BB B
««.• • 0 e • •
g
Z
Q
•
£ dm <J c
>' £
>
rt
G
Eg • 9 O
1
o
ddddd
1-1
u
EEEEE
o o o o o
OOUOO
1 84
1
•aja 'aE3i( XBUI -<o
1 ui'ai) M>
•3J3
'jcaq pjnoqs ><(?
5
*
3
JO
3
*
HEAR
PAST PARTICIPLE: oido
JUNCTIVE MOOD
1 1
JgJgglJ
feet (First Form}
that I should hear
that thou shouldst hear
that he should hear
that your honor should hear
that we should hear
that ye should hear
that they should hear
that your honors should hear J
<?c/ (Second Form)
that I heard ]
that thou heard
that he heard
that your honor heard
that we heard
that ye heard
that they heard
that your honors heard J
—t
^:
Sv
5
)
1
C
u>
CO
!
t
V— >
*
^ 2
_
o
o
3
H
H
W-I
TD
«
i
« E.2cc
8 if SI
3
rt
"HH
bio
8.f,8.5.1^,EE
u««4>.««ua
2 S S S -S £ 2 £
o
c
•c
oooeoooo
ooooeooe
oooooeoo
lT
'£
PQ
1
> >-
> >
> >
3
S
5
c
<L>
W
>
OT
U
W
O
•a
e
V
a
*
t
W
S
z
u
H
x
o
U
j
>
.„
H
U
J
L>
O
,4
PH
2
b
&H
0.
y
O
0
S
H
rt
w
M
]
u
b
2
<
a,
5
4
•2.
<L>
0
_-
H
J
.C
H
fe
w
»
bJC
<
ai
'S
C
W
pj
•jBaq oj pasn *o
4
„
p
i^
a,
r ^
«!
3
6
V
55
H— >
55
0
M
_c
2
bd
be .5
5
3
(S
4
-
Present
u
<>
o\
M
n
«
X
o
u
)ICATIVE MOOD
£
rt M I.
IS 8 S
«i. -=: i
% o Ji o ^ o
•^SgZJg^gg
^ .J:-'3 S* 2«J=J=
« gx g-^j: ><§
Z •= S 2. 1 S.- £
*"'-MpC X> >>-M X
•c S
£
$ -S«bc«£
T bei5 c c C S
•53 glJf'S-il*
^•g-S,.2«^£
O rt *- « o — x u o
t-^iiJfCli
k^ «3?5^&>,^
fjjllfjt
M
^ -o
•W k •
S g Si -
^ •= 7 £
,P - o -go
^ vliii'gli
^ fe-o 2-= S 2-=-
5 23x5x^^5
^ 5|Jlls,lt
"S
M
Z
NITIVE
2
c « i c e
o e1 o1 o1'* '5 o" o*
s
E.icc
.2 .S .2 -2 .2 .2 .S .2
'S'o'o'S'o'c'S'o
» « c c
m •" O O
« o « £ £
•S-e-o £*; <u «
-.2 >,>>.= .2 x>%
oooeeooo
,
U.
2;
> t
> ^
> i
OIK
I85
tc.
etc
•DJS
'JB31J 11EU.S 4O
•B
jj
"•p *« --o
"O rt rt t. PS
1- S D « S
J=-0 «f "0
If If
h.
si r
•= 1- 0 >- u " J
be
rt
O
12
MOOD
have or may h;
[ should have m
I had or should
[ have or shall 1
[ should have a>
rt cu
.c •a
u 0 ^ 0
1
^
habienda
NCTIVE
lilli
„ "Jjii'tfl
^«***a^
c
5
*l
2i^l^il
u
0
=
c
£
e
5
w
j
!=>
>— >
S
|o-o-|!
•5 3 a , gno , E
f<, 'artqM 'uaq* 'n
in
o
* E.2cc
>
•^s
***
•z
K
.^
L5
O
i NEGATIVE
r (thou) not
r (ye) not
me not hear
him not hear
j:
0
>
'c
us not hear
?.
"c
c
£
^
ja
5
o
>i
€
a
PARTICII
W
o"o'o'o £.
!§SiJh
rt
rt
>,>. >,>>'>,>.>.>.
cS
OOOOOOOO
Z CU 4)
< X^3
^Ji
^
^
^
Ja
Z
IT?
> ^'
> >'
H
>
H
in
Q
>
M
n
«> v
**"0
•^ >
OOOOOOOO
•* « «
>•'
e
c
W £
i"-"
•3ja 'anbunE 'SEJJ
•
B a'3
5,S
'
V
a
a
w
2 C
£ o-|^ |
-uaiui 'opuEno 'is
o
a » ^ ^ E.2 e e
£ e e
< O 0
O 0
0
o
0
e
H Z
H t3
£j~U,0
OOOOOOOO
. - -
C
c c
c
c
c
c
Q CM
2 S
EBSEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
>'
§
o S
, ,
K
a.
•ffl
>
_
O
H
c
o
o •«
a
c
o
^ i-
.=
s
« 3^.,
b
J
h
u
• a
S ^J;
~ E
x
^
1
>.
n
f,
§i .
»- )-
E ^
C
^
~
j^
o
*^ iT? **
S S
— »-
^
„
*j
8
w
cj . rtC 8
•=-
— —
-
-
~
•"
o"
T3
., *y *"" -C oj
. •
'3
•g --o „ >
u
9
Q
?
u
8 S ~ rt^-
u S
—
« S
^
a)a
fl
c
a
c
u
a
1^=1
J3 J3
s:
>• T3 2
*s
_b/,_tj
•-/
ja
—
« rt J2.C.C
— S
§1
S "s v. So
ffo
0 0
e
0
s
e
o
J=j3 j « w
V.tUV.MguS«
>
s||p||*
>
S
2'^cyO^tu'£"O
k ^^-^^^O— .73 o
e
ilillill
H
S
H
>
o ".* "«o"
^,
^Jjhftll
•»»
g
5:
<i
•»
Mjjillftil
b
g
Q
•«!
y
H
| « «•£•§
H
o
« E«ee
•-!
<3
o
E.icc
.2 .2 .2 2 .2 .S .2 .2
C 'C u 'u 'u u C u
»
13
O
PH
2
.si!!!
> ^'
OOOOOOOO
> ^
O
u
v
dd ddd
£E EEE
OOOOO
OOOOO
1 86
SAL1R
•DJ3
'jno 08 AEUI .
08 ptnoijs .
a
1
H
b
o
w
0
u
CIPLE: salido, g
Q
8
O 3
£
your honor go out
we go out
- 3 ^ ^^3
M ^ ° » 0*" §5° §>"
ill IHiiiiil
$QJ2 ^ 3 W) O 43 O Q-CJS
R|| 1 3-s-Jl^ll
Second Form}
I went out
thou went out
he went out
your honor went ou
we went out
ye went out
they went out
your honors went 01
|
M
H
u
g
-5^5-=^-=
_«_«« :
t« •£•£•*!•£«! 5 -S-S
^ ££££££
££
Ii
T3 *
.ts s
0
0
o
CH
H
CO
OH
SUBJUN
4
1
e
!•- = =
^
1
« E.i ec
88888888
• 8 «S«S8 -^
EH x
II
«I
.a 8 a
UDUU.VWOt)
uuSu-uvvu £
Cft" 3
CO ^
,5 ^
O
jd *
>•* °
v n>
<? 1
1 .8
SbO
*M
« s
£? a
>F THE VERB SALIRn
SIMPLE TENSES
' PARTICIPLE : saliendo, going ot
is
>
> >
•jno
o3 oj pssn jo
sal
sal
sal
V. sal
sal
sal
sal
VV. sal
se irregularities occur the letters are prii
^
55
•^ c
U
0
*ESEN1
o
be
:
hH
H
PH
o
bO
3 0
0 b«
*
g PH
W
CONJUG/
3
O
O
M
O
Q
0
O
a
H
>
»l
s
s
out (do go out, a
goest out
>es out
honor goes out
o out
> out
go out
honors go out
« S «'o
3 O *-• 3 W
O ^ b«3 -S O a
- Mg » ° 0 bflfe
8i|ilHS
Sf M.S t. S'S MiS2
^ •i^a2'*SiJi§
b^gJilM
3
O
1 g
-sj ^6-S**-
went out
honors went out
6
1
M
H
<
U
1
P.S M
"1^
5 «M>.S .
MfclS, k
^ «3?h?S>,h
S' * ° <i o g « S o
fe w£j: >,£ W ^
-v» ^ 2 V 0 *• U
g w5,c >,? ^
jz ®
N
>
c
^s
H
7;
en
»^
C C
Z
fet
0 71
\>
A
•1
.2g§
« E.icn
88888888
*• e*1
— — 5 5 ~ ."
11
8888888
SALIR
'jno oS u^ns *o 'jno JUSM ^o
ing gone out.
one out, etc.
gone out, etc.
gone out, etc.
;one out, etc.
gone out, etc.
I 1
- , il4
5 o ^o-sss-sog
0 3M0?°OoJ
g, M «« 0" 0 o M"
ibiendo salido, ha\
MOOD
'. have or may have g
[ should have or had
1 had or should have
[ have or shall have g
[ should have or had
«M) M o -a bo i. w MT3 2
-8||||ll slii^ii
•
H
JJJJJ
0 <* 0 ^ 0 o «~ S"o"J'C^S""f
03bflt;M>tO>>i; *u •% o " a * m $3
I"1*"*55" *"*" * § dH_L_. — • 3
s i
B B
O -w O
3 O g 3 0 3
y
JUNCT
m
, -«g ' O •"
N -DJ3 'uSnoiniB 8 >- ~ o
^ alTIIAA 'I13IIAA (TT ^* C *J
*» **l!4^ Udl[A\ ^l \, H Q
r» S M "S^f.
§ ^ . E-2CB g J?
. E.2cc ! 88888888 § f£
4)4)Util)4>4J4J • • • • • AA fll B fi r •! OO
CECEEECE -C ~ ~ ._.-._._._.- g M to
0 0 0 0 g,g
gS i s'S c
H
S
W
X
t/2
-!5!5!Sf
•i'3^3'3 g -5
S 2 8 £ g|
.i.-.i.ii.-.i.-.H '5 aMAesaacaa x
•^
* * ^ > ^ 2 «
>lns "3
el CQ 08 CQ fl es x
w
C
ft
•sj
oooooooo > -/ -<
hfl ^ ^ ^ ty; h<) O
C/3
D
2*°
v ? — ; — ' P "31*
•3)3 'anbune 'SE.IJ g <j <* »
2SSSSS -g
2
O
PH
"TeU'''
-uaiui 'opueno' is e „. S e e
« RJ5 B fl K G G
0 0 O 0 0 0 rt
e c c c c e •>
H
S
£ S E^ o
aaa~aaaa j^
o
t-H i-^ ^
Jj
Q
o
aaaao.
"•."•••"• — .-. *-• *•• <i
,fl
2
g c c c e
(SAaaecjesan
«
c c c c c
o o o o o
Q
^ > °
> > 0
*
"3
O
0,
ouooo
S
S
' V '
0 0 M
0
'3 H
a S J
0
o .a
^ ^3
af^- of f
"3
*i»> *•"
^ ^ °
o O O O bo O 73
Q
U
o g g"o
g | J
ll'tfaJa* I
1
u « ° a
-ii § B °
CX o 3*5 0 .5
5 ^ wi o
« 00
*•**•• o +•••*-• o «,
jft
^T^Q ** If
rt
"* ™— — ' "t
jj
S oj= >^
3 3
> -a
£
Q
r> rt
« 3
30 0 O
0 0 - M
O to x— \ g T3 —2
4-» ^ ~- "^ w'^'3'bj3^
^•8 >-i
>Ecc =
cd es a a a a o
O
2
C
0
>T3 £13 0
2 5j=ȣ:'J=
J- — ^ cfl Wl
^j-_ V.^^^y;^ il.'
'a'3'3'3'3'3 S
co w « co tn tn
"3
/.
u
M
>
]|a||s|i ||1|l|lil
•B
B
O
V
1
H
<
CJ
H a" " o *
*u "(3 «S jB*3 ^O n P * o*
1/1
*•*
^ *o S
is. ^2 — S«WS>».* ' ^r;3;fcjtfl:£>ij
aT
y
c
o '•= = "3 «
^5 JU ^ « o > ^-c o ^^ £ ^ « o > « -S ^
.>
X
2 1 1 a *
f** ^1
15
w
"™
1
I
^
*J.o.a.i
i »
A
2
u eu 3 a a
•« -3 -m -« u :S -a -a "§-22 .2 -2 2 '§ 2 .2
*s
E
£££££
g
u
SSSSSSSS SSSSSSS2
Q
Q ^
z
" a M -M e
> ^ > ^
&
£ g en 3 o
>•* ^
0
P^^^m AW
-
X Q. O. Q. Cu
2
ESSES
o
o
o o o o o
oouuo
il
1 88 VALER
•I
CUD
a
6 t,
2
T3 "c3
d >
8 6
<u u
CO tS
s
s
co
§
3
•DJ3
313 'qyOAV
£
'U.HOAI aq foui jo
•trjJO^tt 3J3A\ ^<7
sq pjnoqs ^o
4
^ A
|
w
•s c
OH
0 °
, — ,
3 BE WORTH
PAST PARTICI
P J= -5
1 o 1
p
r -S^ I?-8
w "S _.. o-S v. v-S o 2
> i t'illlM
3 o«£o?iuo
j * S^«^ « JJ8J
g ^ ^§^=^-^5? =
'^^DOjJftJ.^O
^-J HH^JX>»?>>+-'>%
perfect {First form]
: I should be worth
: thou shouldst be worth
: he should be worth
; your honor should be w
: we should be worth
: ye should be worth
: they should be worth
; your honors should be v
Perfect {Second Forn,
: I were worth
: thou were worth
: he were worth
: your honor were worth
; we were worth
: ye were worth
; they were worth
: your honors were worth
•-H
D3 S^^^x * ~j=
|l
W
M
II
•
o
o
O
•/. E •- e c
tfl C •— C C
PH
x
<n E« C C
aaeaaaaaa
UVV4JVUVV
w
0
5, §, sj. §, §,'5. ^ 5j
««««-««««
««4>«"U'U«J4>
HJj
Ml
"3 "3 "a "a a a "3 "a
"a "sis "a "a a a "3
aaaaaaaa
^
_C
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
^
w
.3
> ^
> ^'
> ^
w
£
?*
M
•a
2
c
W
u
H
TS
A
>
W
W
OH
W
ffi
OH
H
55
O
O
OH
O
—
1
•UPOM ^
W
aq o; pasti
O
OH
1
0
X
t !
0 §
tt
t g
0 *
x & xg
X
•5 8-^1
u
8 1 •a|<§1|
O-£ ^ " C ° M
ox s'Sc o s
%> -SStv-OoSC
M
X
o
^ 8 if c3 ^ x ** aj is pfl
1 MailsSi
«& Mai§sii
o
£
^ C^^i-rt^*!^*-
^* rt — >fc-%>'>^>-<
^r> j^p^^^j^
<N
2
o
H ^ «_2'uou4>So
<j< jT HH-SJ: >,5 x-s >,
0 ^
g" I-H •£ -e >> S >.- >.
^Jllblll
•^
C
P " 0)
w
o
W.2CB
2
U O 4> O O
eg
i-1 e « E.2 e e
« at a a &'« <s 9
*• C4-> L. L.
•x "O -C C x i> u
W
>>^>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>^>>>>>>
H
> ^
> i
> ^
s
b
2
VALER
189
313
'IJI.IOM 3q HEUS J,o
g
o
a
0
•qlJOM 3J3M *iO ~
been worth
v _ . u
1 § § I i
S c c c
N
' I be worth
thou be worth
he be worth
your honor be worth
we be worth
ye be worth
they be worth
your honors be worth J
Intecedenf)
' I should be worth ]
thou shouldst be worth
he should be worth
your honor should be worth
we should be worth
ye should be worth
they should be worth
your honors should be worth „
t worth
vorth
e worth
:>e worth
i, your honor
: worth
: be worth
i, your honors
either form is used, as a rule, withou
)IPLE : habiendo valido, having
JUNCTIVE MOOD
, etc. that I have 0>- may have be<
do, etc. that I should have or had b
do, etc. that I had or should have bi
do, etc. that I have or shall have be*
ubiese
that I should have or had bi
V.
•3}9 'uSnoqire
o
W E.2EE
nditional (y
O "
M "3~ i
* - °^
I .a-o"! sff
•g 0 o« C 0 .-
^ g- s §5 "3
£ IS C 3 *• C .
o
H
rt
«*!
P4
H
v:
12822 4
O O 4) O.5
xi§ S 2 S U
cBcacscBcscacaea
^
aaaaaaaa a
W ^ D
t>:l ^ «
> E E E •>
W
X
1?
V.
> >
> ^ H P?
a a a a a a «
«« «< V *>< ^ <><l 3
W
w
^
iii
5
15
oooooooo H*J
a a a a a a •£;
^»»> s
Z
W
Q
55
«j^r^ -^
g a&« a
b
2
•313 'snbune 'SBJI
« zoo
9 a. E B
E E E E B E -
H
" g g 3 0
0.
-U3IUI 'opuciu) 'is
w E £ B E E o
O
^
aaaaa'aaot
Q
2
in
aaaaa
c c c c c
j|
D
o
C E C C C
O O O O O
**
£
"5 15 15 "a 13 "a "a 13 cf ^®
O
U
ooooo
'~
»»»» o - g
cu
A
—
"a
> > 2 2 §1
S
|
O
J
.S
'3
. ^ J ills
0
e
o
5~
3-
o
,^
.- j;, .cj^'Sjs'ain
>
G
•S C fciJ S >, "10
4J -J1
g1|
t o 3 ~ > = SB
|i?,o* g, £-3
c
o
o mVi
Pi Jll
4>
" U 1 S ^
w gX
42 *S S 2"^ u •"
.if ^ C S
eu |^
llggjg |S
2
o
Iflp
J3 X HH U U
« a; ° «3 t! u «3
Sis'0 >
J3
t o 'a'a
—• — "D-H-""a •- >
0
S cj3 > S
Future
I shall be worth
thou wilt be worth
he will be worth
your honor will be wortl
we shall be worth
ye will be worth
they will be worth
your honors will be wort
'onal (Consequent)
* 8 5 ^
J^Mi 5
Pipijl ii
III l|l 11
all sill 1
|»|-f^l>|
•ijllilll
M 5 x >> % >>'5 >»
val^a
val^a
\ a 1 a V.
val^amos
val^an
\ al an VV.
erson singular affirmative
eorvaleme; valte or
13
a
W
H
K
ICATIVE MOOD
>-a g"rt o
|i|il
^ -ai
-Vi
* °-B
S
a _a ^ 2. *C
5
M E .2 E E
• D-a-s-a 4»:u-a-a
"*?
o
n E .2 B E
1*
8 >•
" ti
^
2
o
X
«"§ s a a
"8
•% ^3 "^ "^3 ^3 >3 "^ ~«
•^ "e ^ ^s >a "« > "^3
aaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaa .> u
^
° -d
>>>»>» -g^
!3
> >
&: a o
> > S-o
p
u g rt - O
^ w
X
aa&ao.
.
U
BE SEE
o
ooooo
E
OOOOO
190
VER
'33S XEUI -to
'ass pjnoqs
•
1
/ — •» . v
0 S
' ^
u
1
B s 1
•r
u
5
W
'ARTICIPLE: i
« n s <? ! |0 gJi
O 8 w 55,, to « •£, £ u " •"
o ^ £ ^ 532 £ " « £2 e
5 o [? M STJ o-o_*g o
S3 § 8§ *• 2.ST3 §g1 j 1
W u 4)-C «j « «J3 t» 3 « 0.3 0 Ow.£3
> S «§»3"°";r3 -h •= 2"" 3 """ ^3
g iilalisl! £2jjlf.u|
^ * -
1 1 •
> C > E
1 i *•« | * i-a
bo
B
^
c
1
w
CO
m
5 •£ •£ •£ "S *5 •£ 5 •£ "vS •* -5 ^ ^ ^ ^ •£ •£
v'iiiliJIJ >
_S
j
{T.
*~> ^v^
***^> rt
j-;
?
O
ftl
CQ
5 &
•*^ •£
IT
^
PN
i^
8 1
.-^
3
^ tft
S «
•^
5
II
S •. iJBig
O v
-r
*
rt
s » a ,, aeaasn.-saa
»««»»»«« "o
c
3
<L>
w
------._- 1
|
^
1
bi
£
^ > ^ ^
> £ 2
g.
3
V
pa
'o
"o
§
pC
^^
i
S
w
>T
o
w
e
H
*
0
• •.
w
•o
a
3
•^
^*
W
c
u
o"
w
w
Z
•-
i
_S
9
2
t
3
«T
ffi
H
U
H
s
B
1
tx
1
^
,p
U
— 4
^
>
)
3
0>
O
0.
S
D
h
Bi
a
•
ct
2
^_
w
^*
«
^
^H
OH
£
J
0
O
«
~
3
3
>
'c
V
UGATI
PRESENl
«
B
rb is one of
1
=
5
i— »
Z
•aas 01 pasn^i?
1
•
5
S
^^ ~*
1
|H
«J
j
^
"S bo
c te
J
5
3
'« .S 'S
?
^
i:
3
i
i
0
1.
d s M ' M£
0-1 8 1M^j|*
V
g 1 ^
<u rt w "T
^ a> to #
r^
'o
o
H
S S *™ o ^^'un^aj^^*
•is * *^
o
a
S
•v»O^ C C "^"^^^C^^'fcic
S « e > c
'-p
>
3
la
>. S ^* SJ <S -^ ** aj uj -^ ^^% ^ »fe cfl ^g; ^ u. ^ r;
^% 'S ?^ ^ ^ ^ tn "
K
<f.
o
HH *^ 4J3^^^<U i- ^j rta!t*":£>!>^*-
(^ >rt™rt^
*->
S
*
^ ft "•§ *^ ® > *>J= ° 'g4 ^^ « § 1> «j^ §
"°wow«4)o
r.
=.
>
W
u s ^" ** s ^"^ ^
"e^ N^*JJS>,^>»*J>^
k
a
FINITI
L— da ®
25 as E^2 C B
o » s |^ e e .2-2.2-25.2.2.2
•Afli
4) O 4) O O
•M C*- "- "-
m-e-o B » « u
he irregu
i
2.
Z
1— i
/ t T'^
>' >
•x
\
VER
191
"'a ,: £
S'lltl
c-£ScS
R U O B fl
8-s
> 0
i&
"3}S
4)
«-r* U W"a
cs S
'33S HEIJS ^0
•Mes wo
M
sllM
S °"
4) 4)
•S
c
•a
S
•s*<ih
ggllsg
E ™-^1" S
^•o ^ fc-o
st be writt
cessary to
V K
« a i
1 1 «|
o
E
0
c
S
v~S u~3
5 0*2 > °
jS-g JsJ3-fi
Is
>,«
SS
S I
U ° 1) C
•Q
""3-0 g2T3"3 °
S
a
w
Illll
*^ o
5
>s
"*"" I-^J °"«-^
J9
H
QJ
4j
^ ° « i « ujsi
X
fc
•s Sols'! « §
w
X
e
4) ^
s§
*— i ^_i ^ >»? >. *-. >i
«
p
S
** o
V
R
^ J
*- 4-t *rf «g
4> O<
'3)3 *uSnOU)TB
S
«*.
i. 2 n
So y
pa
u . . *L a
|l
^
'sjTqM 'uaq.tt 'jt
g
•
—
0 4,§ H
U— U^3 Pi
ca
ill H«
U •_
o
x E.2cc
OilUililDDU
uuuuuuuu
x x t/i x x x '/i x Cd -•"> c
^DijU'ajaj'Uij > —
s||*Ii. ^
c c « S ' f"1
•J3 (S U 4J OS **
£ u w u u ~
a ~ J! 2 ~ •**
"•5
- o
1^
§
--„._„._„._ p |-|
41 _E O ^ U O Z
<S 3 3 3 3 B
3-
>>>>>>>>
•^
> o 'ITV
5"S g - £ JJ w
D- o
•
> C U S 4)
C t*~*
> ^
^ tn d
^~" — ^ -/
8 ^*
OOOOOOOO Q
PU
II
«"s
•313 'anbunc 'SBJJ
•
o
,-S > M Q
^^
-U3IUI 'opuens 'is
B si a 11" > «1
>ECE H Z
aaaaaa ^ _
-S.
'"•a
>• > »• »• S £
SllNl
8*5
'> 'i '>'>'>'>'>'> S * °
ooeooo r u
tC
. SEE
CCECEE t-1 g
&_, i-ifaO
•a c
> > E
Q 8
aaaaa
z
ES E E S
.. *
•s O"
D
O
O O O O O
ooooo
J5§
O
(X
>
o
S
2>
S
1 0
.>
g c 0
V -
w
0 t, 0
«5
""* "s1
0) Jj "^ ^ <fi "
ii • u
u >
H o ^~*
tn w S 4J g 3 c
4) ij
^ 5j
•< J3 5J
2*5
£J .£ >> t/5 __(- >* o
§ c" u
u a
*^ *j oT^_. *j ^ u
U . 4» t) «
^
OH Ji 3)
^ju w^i^i « JS
tj -H "^ yj 4)
«_«"
^S
X
c- In g «
-^ '3
|M|
^ ®
o C "^ rt
e >
oj a; HH -C "O
•J U
^5 ^r
4) '"'JJS'B
hB
•o
«««««« *S
Illll
««
4) 4> V
Q
,_,£,__
V ^)
4j
tf) ^ ^
!^ S^ ^* S^ ^ ^ u
Q
•^ o
4) 4)
M
Js
0
IE
4i 2 -3
a
u
• — • rs
S**
£
<^
. (J
•• >
Future
4) ^ 4> w
:/ {Consequen
o«£'sj;si">«
|2 Ji g " g-o 2
Illlllfj
u
>
H
S
b
INDICATIVE
tie visto, etc.
habia ?<«>&>, etc.
lube z/zX<7, etc.
labre visto, etc
labria visto, et
f same manner
anteve, ante
3
O
x E.2cc
q
x 1.2 ce
O
1^-
1
'u "2 "2 "2 u 'u "2 "2
UJJUUUDUJ)
1
"u u u u 'u 'u °C *C
4)4)1)01)4,4)1)
z
•§
8
Q .
|«
1
O
PH
£ C-tn *J C
«a
°
> ^:
^ >
O
u g e» 3 O
l|
c
^
0.0.0,0,0,
rj
E E £ EE
u
u
o o o o o
B
8
ooouo
c
192
YALEh
•DJS
•3)3 'ai[ XEUI ^i?
•XB[ ^0
'3U Pinoqs ^^
u .£
^ 2
a
u "3 3
3
»
.a a
- £ ., a-a
-_ w u M JJ u— w
>.
o
1 e
IS 22— v — a-e £
^•^
T £
2
Q
c
?• ~ 3T3 £2'O'3 °
k "° 2 "3 S^-g c n
5
0 0
>> c xc
W
W
0
C
a
u sa i^s xh
2|j|lRlI
S 3-J5 o^_° S-SJ
||i1b!|l
^
"Vj
R
S
^g^S^^'h
H
8
M
h
* ^jxjj^^j
^ j2jS^j5J5J5J5J|
Illll-lll
1
1
p
r
>
O
H
£
W
O
PAST PARTIC
SUBJUNCT
r~~7"~
r. l-Saa
a 3 3 a a-a a 3
xV^c><V^c^e^o
GBCB03QaeOCBCQQ3
> ^
IB
1^'
i
^ §
» E.2 = =
22222222
Imperfect (
* B3B*
"2
Illlllll
aaaaaaaa
i
*Q
H
E * e c
•
•
5
>
O
11
llifilil
> ^
> >
J
"S
)
cj
CSC3S33S8QQS
s
5
u
&3
c
*,*>>> >>>.>.>>>>
•g
^
.s
w
'?>
> ^
°*
i
u
^™
2
f*)
^^
o
•
j
KJ W3
o
H
c3
^ w
e
« =.£ = =
S3333-333
5
PQ z
r£ W
73
>.
uuuuuyuu
—
o
5
S
S ^
a
> >
5
EL
*
^
\j
J
fc
S
g
W 1
U
8
>>
ffi «
MH M
H
•^
H
1^
J3
>
s
<!
8
5
5
»
V
55
"c
Pn
0
PH
H
2
•DJ3
'ail ol pssn -«?
|
^
1
0
fli
PH
"3
»
&4 .3
g
i
S
^
.S Ji*
^" u
*
3
O
p
C « u
c1 * u " ?
rt1 •§"
3
^
O
u ^ a
MiS c° * -S .5 IS 2
— " £
J
^
i
H
^
O
u
.a
o
O
"- C
0 U O u 0
•g ^.S MJ= j, U^5-C
C *J '^ O p^1^ 4) O
^3"" o £ « a o
^» „ S QJ: v J; S^:
j
•w i
^ §x «l
*1
H
>• 1^*"a X ^^ ***
^ M
rr>
u
u
o
N S1
S
^
O
eg
—
a
^
**!
o
INITIVE
>. §
o « =.- e c
3«j>«*-5«a
SUQUUUUU
aaaaaass
e
« E.2 e s
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2
S.2 = s
• 90
— *• ^- i. u
^•S;S •••j
uuuuuuuu
33333333
uuuuuuuu
aaaaaaaa
fa
fc
.
•
1-1
> t
>
>"
YACER
193
1 »•» w O ^ "O
.2 —
•o 2
2 £ * J jj
22 2 ° 2J2"3 o g"3.e °
«•!.!= I* xS 1,-f w^Js !* >/5 1,
^ y ^J v
)iendo yacido, having lain.
Q
o
that I have or may have lain,
that I should have or had lain
that I had or should have lain
that I have or shall have lain,
that I should have or had lain
I imperfect indicative are requ
S o "«2u«E-sgg 's'o
^t w E.2eS'--<'i!/lul''1<'iail'J!') Ji'S'
I §
U.2-° ^^
-r- ^-i I. 4J *J U
— •" 3X ° 3
•s 2 o « c o
§e^Is^
o §•*? 2 S's
E2§35§
•ICIPLE: hal
NCTIVE MC
o o' o *
. U U U t)
"2312J3
TJ
!
&
'3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 ^ >>>> >> >%>>>>>>>> ~ ""
SMM««aJM«§ . B B
" > * >^ • Ji § W
,S^^5^^
^
t£
•<
Pi
EH
P
S
&
w
Jill! 8
13
t* OOOOOOOO (j Jf^
^^
•a*
•Dja 'anbum? 'sen g £ .jj
-uaiuj 'opueno 'is E " E E a 3"*
0)3333 '333 5 &£?
UUUUUUUU <i .5 3
y O ., * dj [^
w
W
M
y
bfl
i 'i 'i 'i'i 'i'i 'i - w- «
+•»•*-• • O ^
8->lag
w
S
S S-S-^g
.5
< o 5
S S S 3 S S N
P
£««fco
a
o
> __E 1 *^
.T < G G
3 3 M S M S >>
o o o e o o 0
C C E B B B I
H
Q
2
S
S
o
u
aaaaa
SSEEE
00000
ooooo
c
o.
•a
T3
D
Q
0)
n
•^
O
1
£
2
o
S
1
S
o
•S
>,
w
•a
0
1
>
2 u
fl
x
o —
o .
H
<
c c "
S
•4-1 . ^
(U y U
IS >>
1-3
& '3
•2 ^3 L_ 4) 'T* ^ 4)
a
•S "
». 2
W 2^
CL, -s >,
"" e 3— S 3 O
4) C O .. « O 3
SIS ^-S^ ^ *
s
0
•^ wlflS'u
0 fe
__J3
.s -s S IJ
0
""^^ rf
II
T3
S-.T
| 1 S « o u|
.2 i<u .2S ^ n3Sfira»p
u-r «ga »f o « »2- S-T3-2 o 3
;2|-|=SS § |"2o2 §"32 gg ™
ill-ilhl^i^^jiielll 88
.js *••* X1S ^-^ *> ^^ M "5 x >< £ x-S ^ « «
a.ca, etc.
azca, etc.
azca V., etc.
a; camos, etc.
a can, etc.
azcan VV., etc.
:rson singular is ei
VE: haberyaci
TIVE MOOD
|1|I4
W tj *V U
used except in epi
iqui yacia or yai
*^» ^*»
^> ^ ^> ^i *^> ^» ~
— i
<
^3 «Q ^ •••
k, <s
•d
H
u
o'o'y'G rt
£• .
•1
§
^
S
!>»** ^
2!
.'jj
(x<
K
? Cfl y '4* •••
* £
*3« Jill £ jJllf ill
bUi.UbUV.1. bUbbhUbU
1
2
g
Q
« a s'i'a
o 5
ex
cS
i*i*i>uvuui> V4> u D i> u u u
B,
S5
•jj
^* a
S33333SM 33333333
a
0
Q •
£>>
fi
01 O. w *j c
iT o
>- >' ^ ^
S
E g i 3 o
u v
o
u
•"•<a.^<J-
> *
EEEEE
'3
o o o o o
O"
ooooo
I
194
TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS
CO
w
i third persons singular ; third person plural,
and third persons singular; third person
r and the forms derived from present sub-
class,
id persons plural. Past definite third per-
iperfect subjunctives,
ctive.
n first class,
he. corresponding part of the second class.
alar,
sent subjunctive.
second persons plural,
ilural.
J3
"H,
c
•
n
a
1
•
X
c
0
•a
1
—
"3
M
C
§
>
?. T3 re
Ǥ n
i e £§
<- i .^
jg_C
g 2
.5 . P.
1 .£
8
c.
SSES OF IRREGULAR
T CLASS
Present indicative, first, second
Present subjunctive, first, sec
tejm.ls < plural.
Imperative, second person sinj
junctive.
ND CLASS
13 5 The above-mentioned places in i
, in : i
tem is "I Present subjunctive first and s<
is fol- I son singular and plural.
ie,i6, | Imperative first person plural.
J Present participle. Future sub
D CLASS
s tonic, viz., in the above-mentioned plac
s atonic and is followed by a, ie, i6, viz.,
TH CLASS
f Present indicative first person s
' < Present subjunctive throughout
( Imperative forms derived from
H CLASS
tem is ( Present indicative, except first a
.owed < Present subjunctive throughout
( Imperative, except second persi
, • f Present participle.
• . . J Past definite third person singu
' ] Imperfect subjunctives.
(. Future subjunctive.
H CLASS
'em in past definite tense, first and third
TH CLASS
3
O
GO
£
E
|i
ii
0
O
w
w
|||||s
S a a
BC as
t* WO)
x x
FOUR
•o
u
&
E
v~3
X **"*
C'™
x £
O T.
So-S
X « "1
H o
•-> •£ >
W § M
x 2
X "^ X O ? 2
£
6=3
co
W
s
S ^ rt^ >
§ S
JD
y S,*>
c
n
, "• v
—s- * < '
XX
"3
lie
X C^
H
« « S 2 «
£9 ~3
.1
Vi
•O " —
£ c J
2J*
e"i
Nil ii ii ii
v <u.s
.S M
*•
II II II II
II II II H
II II
^
s-s >
2 «^-
0
V V 0 0 V
« o « e
4) 4)
5 -
£* tf
^ % L
O V ^i
S.'" »
C
•° 0
^ C
U
1= - " =
1" s"
* =
O
*\s? «
Si ^
|1 |
«
|::s =
> ^p
I3
^c
i!f
C ?V~'
3
<U « X
^C
w
t^ t/3
W
<c 1 fe
H
• ; : • *•
•SJB ^
w O
J
i . \ \ *s
u 1
u •
(• •
i
MODE
111
II H
...Servir
Servir
I±
e u
9H
u •
is
iff
^±
•0:3
T bt
*- i>
«
l. "S O
&1 3
|- 1
8 :
o :
8 1
j|
— 4J 1)
. ft c
j» :
s"1 t"
i«««2 ±_
h u
«x
c o
DEFECTIVE VERBS 195
DEFECTIVE VERBS
205. Defective verbs are those which are wanting in some of
the persons or tenses. This defect may be due to various rea-
sons, principally, however, to the fact that their meaning for-
bids their use in certain tenses or persons, or that their
structure renders their conjugation difficult or harsh to the
Spanish ear.
1. Where defective on account of form, a verb in one lan-
guage will not be found to be correspondingly defective in
another; and in the same language usually other verbs will be
found to supply the missing parts. Thus can and must are
defective in English, but not in French and Spanish, where the
corresponding verbs are pouvoir and devoir in French, and
poder and deber in Spanish ; and in English, to supply the
missing parts of can, we employ " to be able," and for the
missing parts of must we use "to be obliged to." So in Span-
ish garantir will be found defective and the missing parts sup-
plied by garantizar. (See p. 197.) Sometimes verbs are
defective through an inexplicable regard for euphony ; loo and
roo (from loar and roer) are avoided, but there is no hesitation
about using the nouns moho, azamboo.
2. When defective on account of meaning, a verb will invari-
ably be found correspondingly defective in all languages ; for,
if one cannot say, ordinarily, "I am born," "I graze," "I
bark," etc., in English, neither is it possible in French or Span-
ish ; and as it may be possible in narration in English to say
" I am born," or in fables, "I graze," " I bark," so it is possible
in other languages.
Impersonal verbs are not considered defective, because their
literal meaning prevents their employment other than in the
third person singular.
There are ten verbs of the third conjugation that are used
only in the future indicative, or when the inflectional endings
consist of or begin with i. The conjugation of one of them,
abolir, will serve as a model for the other nine.
IQ6
A BOLIR
'qsijoqe pjnoqs .
•313 'qsijoqE
1
o"
|
%
T3
1
JZ
1
"O M
"o
•a
1
|
ffi
C/5
3
*2 rt
ill
111
•= £ ~3
2 o o
•5 -s -a
•3
1
TJ
13 ««
"3
•a
J3 "a
i— t
_1
'ARTICIPL
o
o
w ^*
> s
k ~° °
'^ 'H "^
Ji 3
: he should al
: your honor
: we should a
t ye should a
: they should
; your honors
cond Form
: I abolished
: thou abolisl
: he abolishel
t your honor
t we abolishe
t ye abolishec
t they abolisll
: your honors
1 1
- a •** £
0
— •
H 5
^ _2 _2
a a a
.§ J s
3 Js j=
a a
1
—
^ « •= " ° s £•= 1
H
H
y.
B
i
tr
^~ ~-~ ?^~—~^
II
P«
•— >
"t1
p
-18 '3rtU.M. 'U3HAV <JT
rt
»
»
•s
— •
s
m
o
•N
S
•
e
O
m
;i
J
«s
a a a
« e e
a s a
s i
o o
E .2 e
III
1
« E * c e
OUOV4JUUO
CEECEEEE
—
O
o o
000
o o o
A A UB
o o
A A
00
000
s
OOOOOOOO
m
a a
a a a
a a a
a a
a a
•§•§•§
3
acaaaaaaa
w
"3
:
e4
£/3
•s
>
>
>
>
>' ^
M
2
^
4
>
a
I
•313 'anbune
'SBJ1U31UI 'OpUBnD 'IS
HN
H
ffi
J
W
H
IX
S
£3
rT
M
;;
0
H
fc
P,
o
H
•qsi]oqB oj pasn uo
H
M
<
H
H
O
etf
M
•g
OL,
M
1
M 2
«
1
i 1
*-^
c
"2 M
t£ .S «
r~
•7.
_§ ^
o
u
1
bolir, to abolish.
CATIVE MOOD
Present
we abolish
ye abolish
Imperfect
I was abolishing
thou wast abolish
he was abolishing
your honor was al
we were abolishin
ye were abolishin
they were abolish
your honors were
'ast Definite
I abolished
thou didst abolish
he abolished
your honor abolis
we abolished
ye abolished
they abolished
your honors aboli
.a«.| g B-|— i
^« ^^X ^-173 *~
^2s%^'w5>1fc'
S
Q
•
1
2 §
2 j
0
a a a
111
S
M
•o -e
« « e
0 V 0
E **
0
V
<a \ L - -
•£-2-2-22 -£-2-2
j;
if
il
00 =
000
O O
££
J 2 2
s
OOJ_gOO_§0
—
9 a
a a
a a a
a a a
•§ "§
a a
a a a
a
aaaacoaact
z
>
>
•^.
> S;
ABOLIR
197
S » » •S -.
a "3 -d ° 13 TS
22-3 111
E .2 c e
C ^5^5^^^^
oooooooo
oooooooo
X>««£££A£
1
Jil-Jl
3
bt
1
si-ii-s
S^ g g'S
rt
J=
> x n > j=
2 v •* x v.
•* § -o 2 «
O
^g
rt1 « "3 "n S
e > o ^ ^
C rt j •« rt
1
«> -a v ^ ~o
V "g " U "3
O
•o
«
Q
O
O
3 -C rt 5 -G
S
rt rt rt rt rt
a
M
£
W
|
"S 4j ^3 S
Oi
U
".•§141 j
H
>— >
ca
1 1 1 1 1 o-
•5 a « a o o
IB tf <> J> • 3
aj u ») J- ^ —
3 O w V 4) P
H
5. !S !5 i5 IS "2
fe
08 S 3 3 3
£ £ £ £ £
Cfi
W
"c" o
CO
P^
*" £
W
PH
£ o
CO
Z
O
.E 5-
U
H
Q
13
O
a,
M
8 i & J 1
J. g E 3 o
0- « « fe 0
Z
D
O
0,
S
O
U
o. d. o, o. &
6 g E E E
O O O o O
O O O o O
S
0
u
T3
£f U U
II
i- a
Is
E|
Si & « e
S -0
2 -S
i
IjjSiil*
IH^H
li^js'sij
g^o-^^o* —
Jlj II g.11
'- I U|li
I iiiiH
O 9 ~ * ™ a
2 SJ,>|S
a a 3 a a
£ £ £ * J!
gs |
a a) a a a
E E 5 3 5
a a d a a
E S E E E
o o o o o
O O O O O
198 DEFECTIVE VERBS
Aplacer, to please, is seldom used, except in the infinitive and in the
third person singular and plural of the present and imperfect
indicative :
Present indicative, aplace, aplacen.
Imperfect indicative, aplacia, aplacian.
Proverb : Todo lo nuevo aplace,
Ataner, to appertain, on account of its meaning can be employed only
in the third persons. It is used principally in the infinitive and in
the third person singular and phiral of the present and im-
perfect indicative :
Present indicative, ataTie, atanen.
Imperfect indicative, atania, ataman.
Balbucir, to stammer, is not used in the persons and numbers where
the irregular verbs of the fourth class take z before c ; viz., when
c is followed by a or o (see 159). This verb is, however, used
more ordinarily with the termination ear — balbucear.
Concernir, to concern, on account of its meaning can be employed
only in the present participle and in the third persons. It is sel-
dom used, except as follows :
Present indicative, concierne, coneiernen.
Present subjunctive, concierna, conciernan.
Imperfect indicative, concernia, concernian.
Corroer, to corrode, has,
Present indicative, corrce, corroen.
Present subjunctive, corroa, corroan.
Nacer, to be born, on account of its meaning can hardly be used in
the first person singular present indicative, nor in the second
person singular of the imperative. Still, Alvarez de Cienfuegos
writes : " Rosas, weed" and the Spanish Academy says this is an
expression that could just as well have been used in the singular.
Pacer, to graze, is not used in the persons and numbers where
irregular verbs of the fourth class take z before c ; viz., when c is
followed by a or o (see § 159).
Placer, to please (impersonal verb), is seldom used except in excla-
mations, e. g., plegue a Dios, God Grant ; pluguiera a Dios,
would to God ! Otherwise its place is usually taken by querer,
gustar, parecer, to please. It is conjugated as follows, preference
being given to the stem plug:
DEFECTIVE VERBS
199
Placer,
Indicative Mood
Present, place.
Imperfect, placla.
Past definite, plugo (placid}.
Future, placere.
Conditional, placeria.
placiendo,
placido.
Subjunctive Mood
Present, plegue (plazca).
Imp., i st form, pluguie ra (placiera) .
Imp., 2d form, pluguiese (placiese),
Future, pluguiere (placiere}.
Cond. pluguie r a or pluguiese (//«-
ciera or placiese ) .
Imperative Mood
Plegue (pie go)
The compounds of placer : complacer, to humor ; desplacer, to dis-
please, both active verbs, are conjugated throughout like the irregular
verbs of the fourth class (see § 159).
Raer, to erase, is seldom used, its place being usually taken by borrar
or rayar. Raer has the two stems raig- or ray- before a strong
vowel ; raig- is preferable. Raer, when it occurs, should there-
fore be conjugated like the irregular verb caer, p. 176.
Reponer, when meaning ' to reply,' is, with rare exceptions, used only
in the past definite of the indicative .
Repuse, I replied. Repusimos, we replied.
Repusiste, thou didst reply. Repusisteis, ye replied.
Repuso, he replied. Repusieron, they replied.
V. Repuso, your honor replied. VV. Repusieron, your honors replied.
Roer, to gnaw, has the following forms, of which roo, roa are prefer-
able :
Present Indicative
Present Subjunctive
roa
roiga
roya
roas
roigas
royas
roa
roiga
roya
V.
roa
V. roiga
V. roya
roamos
roigamos
royamos
roais
roigdis
roydis
roan
roigan
royan
VV.
roan
W. roigan
W. royan
Roigo,
Royo
roes
roe
V. roe
roemos
roeis
roen
W. roen
Soler, to be accustomed to, is used principally in the present and
imperfect indicative; and also sometimes in the present sub-
junctive.
2OO IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES
Present Indicative Imperfect Indicative Present Subjunctive
suelo
solia
sue/a
sueles
solias
sue/as
suele
solia
sue/a
V.
suele
V. solia
V. suela
solemos
soliamos
solamos
soleis
soliais
solais
sue/en
solian
sue/an
vv.
suelen
VV. solian
VV. sue/an
Usucapir, to acquire by right of possession, is used only in the in-
finitive.
IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES
207. i. Past participles that do not end in ado or ido are
irregular.
2. The following regular verbs and their compounds have
irregular past participles :
Abrir, to open abierto
Cubrir, to cover cubierto
Escribir* to write escrito
Jmprimir, to print impreso
3. The following irregular verbs and their compounds have
irregular past participles :
Decir, to tell, to say dicho (bendecir, maldecir, regular)
Hacer, to do, to make hecho
Morir, to die muerto
Poner, to put, to place puesto
Solver, to loosen suelto
Ver, to see vis to
Volver, to return vuelto
4. There are a number of verbs that have two past par-
ticiples, one regular, the other irregular. The regular par-
ticiple is always used to form the compound tenses, except
in the verbs freir, prender, proveer, romper, whose irregular
* Inscribir and proscribir also have inscripto and proscripto.
201
past participles, frito, preso, provisto and roto, may be used inter-
changeably with the regular forms to make the compound
tenses ; so that ha freido and ha frito are equally correct.
5. With the exception of the four above-mentioned verbs,
the irregular past participles are used only as adjectives:
agua bendita ; estd bendita ; but ha sido bendecido.
Verbs.
Regular Past Partic.
Abstraer, to abstract
Afligir, to afflict
Ahitar, to surfeit
Atender, to heed
Bendecir, to bless
Bienquerer, to esteem
Circuncidar, to circumcise
Compeler, to compel
Comprender, to comprehend
Comprimir, to compress
Concluir, to conclude
Confesar, to confess
Confundir, to confuse
Consumir, to consume
Contundir, to contuse
Convencer, to convince
Convertir, to convert
Corregir, to correct
Corromper, to corrupt
Despertar, to awake
Difundir, to diffuse
Dividir, to divide
Elegir, to elect
Enjugar, to wipe
Excluir, to exclude
Eximir, to exempt
Expeler, to expel
Expresar, to express
Extender, to extend
Extinguir, to extinguish
Fijar, to fix
abstraido
afligido
ahitado
atendido
bendecido
bienquerido
circuncidado
compelido
comprendido
comprimido
concluido
confesado
confundido
consumido
contundido
convencido
convertido
corregido
corrompido
despertado
difundido
dividido
elegido
enjugado
excluido
eximido
expelido
expresado
extendido
extinguido
fijado
Irreg Past Partic.
abstracto
aflicto
ahito
atento
bendito
bienquisto
circunciso
compulso
comprenso
compreso
concluso
confeso
confuso
consunto
contuse
convicto
converse
correcto
corrupto
despierto
difuso
diviso
electo
enjuto
excluso
exento
expulso
expreso
extenso
extinto
fijo
202
IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES
Verbs.
Freir, to fry
Hartar, to satiate
Incluir, to include
Incurrir, to incur
Infundir, to infuse
Ingerir, to ingraft
Injertar, to ingraft
Insertar, to insert
Invertir, to invert
Juntar, to join
Maldecir, to curse
Manifestar, to manifest
Marchitar, to fade
Malquerer, to abhor
Nacer, to be born
Omitir, to omit
Oprimir, to oppress
Pasar, to pass
Poseer, to possess
Prender, to take
Presumir, to presume
Pretender, to claim
Propender, to incline
Proveer, to provide
Recluir, to seclude
Romper, to break
Salpresar, to season
Salvar, to save
Sepultar, to bury
Soltar, to loosen
Sujetar, to subdue
Suprimir, to suppress
Suspender, to suspend
Sustituir, to substitute
Tenir, to tinge
Torcer, to twist
Regular Past Partic.
Irreg. Past Partic
freido
frito
hartado
harto
incluido
incluso
incurrido
incurso
infundido
infuso
ingerido
ingerto
injertado
injerto
insertado
inserto
invertido
inverse
juntado
junto
maldecido
maldito
manifestado
manifiesto
marchitado
marchito
malquerido
malquisto
nacido
nato
omitido
omiso
oprimido
opreso
pasado
paso
poseido
poseso
prendido
preso
presumido
presunto
pretendido
pretenso
propendido
propenso
proveido
provisto
recluido
recluso
rompido
roto
salpresado
salpreso
salvado
salvo
sepultado
sepulto
soltado
suelto
sujetado
sujeto
suprimido
supreso
suspendido
suspense
sustituido
sustituto
tefiido
tinto
torcido
tuerto
INDEX
The figures indicate the page of the text.
A
Aliquebrar, no.
Atestar, 1 10.
Almorzar, in.
Atestiguar, 47.
Abastecer, 142.
Alongar, in.
Atraer, 171.
Abnegar, no.
Amanecer, 98, 103, 142.
Atravesar, no.
Abogar, 45.
Amoblar, in.
Atribuir, 69, 107, 146.
Abolir, 196.
Amolar, in.
Atronar, in.
Aborrecer, 142.
Amollecer, 142.
Avalentar, no.
Abrazarse, 91.
Amorecer, 142.
Avanecerse, 142.
Abrir, 200.
Amortecerse, 142.
Avenir, 173.
Absolver, 121.
Amortiguar, 47.
Aventar, no.
Absonar, in.
Amover, 121.
Avergonzar, ill.
Abstenerse, 87, 169.
Andar, 107, 150.
Averiguar, 46.
Absterger, 55.
Anochecer, 98, 103, 142.
Azolar, in.
Abstraer, 171, 201.
Antecoger, 55.
Abunolar, in.
Antedecir, 155.
jj
Acaecer, 98, 142.
Anteponer, 163.
Acertar, no.
Ant ever, 191.
Balbucir, 198.
Aclocar, in.
Antiguar, 47.
Bastar, 98.
Acoger, 55.
Apacentar, no.
Bendecir, 155, 201.
Acollar, in.
Apaciguar, 47.
Bienquerer, 165, 201.
Acontecer, 98, 142.
Aparecer, 142.
Blanquecer, 142.
Acordar, in.
Apernar, no.
Bregar, no.
Acornar, in.
Apercollar, in.
Brunir, 64.
Acostar, in.
Apetecer, 142.
Bullir, 63.
Acrecentar, no.
Aplacer, 198.
Acrecer, 142.
Aplicar, 43.
c
Adecentar, iia
Apostar, in.
\^
Adestrar, no.
Apretar, no.
Caber, 107, 152.
Adherir, 129.
-ar, 14, 22, 24.
Caer, 107, 176.
Adolecer, 142.
Aprobar, ill.
Calentar, no.
Adormecer, 142.
Argiiir, 69, 107, 148.
Calzar, 49.
Adormir, 135.
Arrecirse, 197.
Cambiar, 71, note.
Adquirir, 132.
Arrendar, 110.
Canecer, 142.
Aducir, 157.
Arrepentirse, 87, 129.
-car, 40, 42.
Advertir, 129.
Ascender, 119.
Carecer, 142.
Afligir, 57, 201.
Asentar, no.
Cargar, 45.
Afollar, in.
Asentir, 129.
Cegar, 110.
Aforar, in.
Aserrar, no.
Cenir, 137.
Agorar, in.
Asir, 107, 174.
•cer, 41.
Agradecer, 142.
Asolar, in.
Cerner, 119, 127.
Aguar, 47.
Asoldar, in.
Cerrar, no.
Aguerrir, 19.
Asonar, ill.
Cimentar, no.
Ahitar, 201.
Asosegar, no.
-cir, 41, 52.
Ahogar, 45.
Ataner, 67, 198.
Circuir, 147.
Alborear, 98.
Atender, 119, 201.
Circuncidar, 201.
Alcanzar, 49.
Atenerse, 169.
Clarecer, 142.
Alebrarse, no.
Atentar, no.
Clocar, in.
Alegrarse, 86, 88, 89.
Aterirse, 197.
Cocer, 124, 141.
Alentar, no.
Aterrar, no.
Coger, 54.
203
204
INDEX
Colar, in.
Colegir, 57, 137.
Colgar, in.
Comedir, 137.
Comentar, no.
Comenzar, no.
Comer, 36.
Compadecer, 142.
Comparecer, 142.
Compeler, 201.
Compensar, 109.
Competir, 137.
Complacer, 142.
Componer, 163.
Comprender, 201.
Comprimir, 201.
Comprobar, in.
Concebir, 137.
Concerner, 127.
Concernir, 127, 198.
Concertar, no.
Concluir, 147, 201.
Concordar, ill,
Condescender, 119.
Condistinguir, 6l.
Condolerse, 121.
Conducir, 157.
Conferir, 129.
Confesar, no, 201.
Confiar, 71.
Confluir, 147.
Confundir, 201.
Conmover, 121.
Conocer, 106, 140.
Conseguir, 137.
Consentir, 129.
Consolar, 1 1 1 .
Consonar, in.
Constar, 98.
Constituir, 147.
Constrenir, 137.
Construir, 147.
Consumir, 201.
Contar, in.
Contener, 169.
Contentar, lio.
Contenter, 119.
Continuar, 70.
Contorcerse, 1-21.
Contracordar, in.
Contradecir, 155.
Contraer, 171.
Contrahacer, 159.
Contraponer, 163.
Contravenir, 173.
Contribuir, 147.
Controvertir, 129.
Contundir, 201.
Convalecer, 142.
Convencer, 201.
Convenir, 98, 173.
Convertir, 129, 201.
Corregir, 57, 137, 201.
Corroer, 198.
Corromper, 20 1.
Costar, in.
Crecer, 142.
Creer, 68.
Criar, 71.
Cubrir, 200.
D
Dar, 107, 178.
Decaer, 177.
Decentar, no.
Decir, 107, 141, 154, 200.
Decrecer, 142.
Dedicar, 43.
Deducir, 157.
Defenecer, 142.
Defender, 119.
Deferir, 129.
Degollar, III.
Delinquir, 58.
Dementar, no.
Demoler, 121.
Demostrar, III.
Denegar, no.
Denegrecer, 142.
Denostar, in.
Dentar, no.
Deponer, 163.
Derrenegar, 1 10.
Derrengar, no.
Derretir, 137.
Derrocar, in.
Derruir, 147.
Desabastecer, 142.
Desacertar, no.
Desacollar, III.
Desacordar, III.
Desadormecer, 142.
Desadvertir, 129.
Desaferrar, no.
Desaforar, in.
Desagradecer, 142.
Desalentar, no.
Desamoblar, III.
Desandar, 151.
Desaparecer, 142.
Desapretar, no.
Desaprobar, III.
Desarrendar, lio.
Desasentar, no.
Desasir, 175.
Desasosegar, no.
Desatender, 119.
Desatentar, no.
Desaterrar, no.
Desatraer, 171.
Desatravesar, no.
Desavenir, 173.
Desaventar, 110.
Desbastecer, 142.
Desbravecer, 142.
Descabezar, 49.
Descaecer, 142.
Descender, 119.
Descenir, 137.
Descolgar, in.
Descollar, in.
Descomedirse, 137.
Descomponer, 163.
Desconcertar, 1 10.
Desconocer, 142.
Desconsentir, 129.
Desconsolar, in.
Descontar, in.
Desconvenir, 173.
Descordar, III.
Descornar, ill.
Descrecer, 142.
Desdar, 179.
Desdecir, 155.
Desdentar, no.
Deserabebecerse, 142.
Desembellecer, 142.
Desembravecer, 142.
Desempedrar, no.
Desempobrecer, 142.
Desencarecer, 142.
Desencerrar, I IO.
Desencordar, III.
Desencrudecer, 142.
Desencruelecer, 142.
Desenfurecerse, 142.
Desengrosar, III.
Desenmohecer, 142.
Desenmudecer, 142.
Desensoberbecer, 142.
Desentenderse, 119.
Desenterrar, no.
Desentorpecer, 142.
Desentristecer, 142.
Desentumecer, 142.
Desenvolver, 121.
Deservirj 137.
Desfallecer, 142.
Desfavorecer, 142.
Desferrar, no.
Desflaquecerse, 142.
Desflocar, ill.
Desflorecer, 142.
Desfortalecer, 142.
Desgobernar, no.
Desguarnecer, 142.
INDEX.
2O5
Deshacer, 159.
Deshelar, 98, no.
Desherbar, no.
Desherrar, no.
Deshombrecerse, 142.
Deshumedecer, 142.
Desimponer, 163.
Desinvernar, 1 10.
Desleir, 139.
Deslendrar, no.
Deslucir, 145.
Desmajolar, in.
Desmarrirse, 197.
Desmedirse, 137.
Desmelar, no.
Desmembrar, no.
Desmenguar, 47.
Desmentir, 129.
Desmerecer, 142.
Desmullir, 63.
Desnegar, 1 10.
Desnevar, 1 10.
Desobedecer, 142.
Desobstruir, 147.
Desoir, 185.
Desolar, in.
Desoldar, in.
Desollar, ill.
Desosar, 1 1 1 , 1 23.
Desovar, in, 123.
Desparecer, 142.
Despavorir, 197.
Despedir, 137.
Despedrar, lio.
Desperecer, 142.
Despernar, no.
Despertar, no, 201.
Despezar, no.
Desplacer, 142.
Desplegar, no.
Despoblar, in.
Desproveer, 69.
Destentar, no.
Destenir, 137.
Desterrar, no.
Destituir, 147.
Destorcer, 51, 121.
Destrizar, 49.
Destrocar, in.
Destruir, 147.
Desuncir, 53.
Desvanecer, 142.
Desventar, no.
Desverdecer, 142.
Desvergonzarse, ill.
Desvolver, 121.
Detener, 169.
Detentar, no.
Detraer, 171.
Devolver, 121.
Dezmar, lio.
Diferir, 129.
Difluir, 147.
Difundir, 201.
Digerir, 129.
Diluir, 147.
Dirigir, 56.
Discerner, 119, 127.
Discernir, 126.
Disconvenir, 173.
Discordar, ill.
Disentir, 129.
Disminuir, 147.
Disolver, 121.
Disonar, III.
Dispertar, no.
Displacer, 142.
Disponer, 163.
Distender, 119.
Distinguir, 60.
Distraer, 171.
Distribuir, 147.
Divertir, 129.
Dividir, 201.
Dolar, in.
Doler, 121.
Dormir, 135.
Ducir, 157.
Educir, 157.
-eer, 41, 68.
Efectuar, 71.
Elegir, 57, 137, 201.
Embafr, 197.
Embarbecer, 142.
Embarcar, 43.
Embastecer, 142.
Embebecer, 142.
Embellecer, 142.
Embermejecer, 142.
Embestir, 137.
Emblandecer, 142.
Emblanquecer, 142.
Embobecer, 142.
Embosquecer, 142.
Embravecer, 142.
Embrutecer, 142.
Emparentar, lio.
Empecer, 141.
Empedernir, 197.
Empedrar, no.
Empellar, no.
Empequenecer, 142.
Empezar, no.
Emplastecer, 142.
Emplumecer, 142.
Empobrecer, 142.
Empodrecer, 142.
Empoltronecerse, 142.
Emporcar, 1 1 1 .
Enaltecer, 142.
Enardecer, 142.
Encabellecerse, 142.
Encalvecer, 142.
Encallecer, 142.
Encandecer, 142.
Encanecer, 142.
Encarecer, 142.
Encarnecer, 142.
Encender, 119.
Encentar, no.
Encerrar, lio.
Enclocar, in.
Encloquecer, 142.
Encomendar, no.
Encontrar, in.
Encorar, in.
Encordar, in.
Encorecer, 142.
Encornar, in.
Encovar, in.
Encrudecer, 142.
Encruelecer, 142.
Encubertar, no.
Endentar, no.
Endentecer, 142.
Endurecer, 142.
Enfierecerse, 142.
Enflaquecer, 142.
Enfranquecer, 142.
Enfurecer, 142.
Engorar, III.
Engrandecer, 142.
Engreir, 139.
Engrosar, in.
Engrumecerse, 142.
Engullir, 63.
Enhambrecer, 142.
Enhambrentar, no.
Enhestar, no.
Enjugar, 201.
Enlazar, 49.
Enlenzar, no.
Enloquecer, 142.
Enlucir, 145.
Enllentecer, 142.
Enmagrecer, 142.
Enmalecer, 142.
Enmarillecerse, 142.
Enmelar, no.
Enmendar, no.
Enmohecer, 142.
Enmollecer, 142.
Enmudecer, 142.
Ennegrecer, 142.
2O6
INDEX.
Ennoblecer, 142.
Escribir, 200.
-guar, 40, 46.
Ennudecer, 142.
Esforzar, in.
Guanir, 65.
Enorgullecer, 142.
Esparcir, 52.
Guarecer, 143.
Enrarecer, 142.
Establecer, 143.
Guarnecer, 143.
Enriquecer, 142.
Estar, 72, 93, 98, 107.
Guiar, 71.
Enrobustecer, 142.
Estar comiendo, 74.
-guir, 41, 60.
Enrodar, in.
Estatuir, 147.
-giiir, 148.
Enrojecer, 142.
Estregar, no.
Enroquecer, 142.
Estremecer, 143.
Enronecer, 142.
Estrenir, 137.
Enruinecerse, 142.
Estudiar, 71, note.
Haber, 20, 98, 99, 107, 169.
Ensalmorar, in.
Evanecer, 143.
Hablar, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34.
Ensandecer, 142.
Exceptuar, 71.
Hacendar, lio.
Ensangrentar, no.
Excluir, 147, 201.
Hacer, 98, 107, 141, 158,
Ensoberbecer, 142.
Exigir, 57.
200.
Ensonar, in.
Eximir, 201.
I Tartar, 202.
Ensordecer, 142.
Expedir, 137.
Heder, 119.
Entallecer, 142.
Expeler, 201.
Helar, 98, no.
Entender, 119.
Expiar, 71.
Henchir, 41, 67, 137.
Entenebrecer, 142.
Exponer, 163.
Render, 119.
Enternecer, 142.
Expresar, 201.
Henir, 137.
Enterrar, no.
Extender, 119, 201.
Herbar, no.
Entigrecerse, 142.
Extinguir, 61, 201.
Herbecer, 143.
Entontecerse, 142.
Extraer, 171.
Herir, 129.
Entorpecer, 142.
Herrar, no.
Entorlar, in.
Hervir, 124, 129.
Entredecir, 155.
Holgar, III.
Entregar, 45.
Fabricar, 43.
Hollar, in.
Entregerir, 129.
Fallecer, 143.
Huir, 147.
Entrelucir, 145.
Favorecer, 143.
Humedecer, 143.
Entremorir, 135.
Fenecer, 143.
Entreoir, 185.
Ferrar, no.
T
Entreparecerse, 142.
Fijar, 201.
i.
Entrepernar, 110.
Florecer, 143.
-iar, 41.
Entreponer, 163.
Fluir, 147.
Imbuir, 147.
Entretener, 169.
Foliar, ill.
Impedir, 137.
Entrever, 191.
Fortalecer, 143.
Imponer, 163.
Entristecer, 142.
Fortificar, 43.
Importar, 98.
Entullecer, 142.
Forzar, III.
Imprimir, 200.
Entumecer, 143.
Fraguar, 47.
Improbar, in.
Envejecer, 143.
Fregar, 1 10.
Incensar, no.
Enverdecer, 143.
Frei'r, 139, 200, 202.
Incluir, 147, 202.
Envestir, 137.
Fruncir, 53.
Incurrir, 202.
Enviar, 71.
Indisponer, 163.
Envilecer, 143.
Inducir, 157.
Envolver, 121.
Inferir, 129.
Enzurdecer, 143.
Ganzuar, 71.
Infernar, no.
-er, 14, 22, 36.
Gafrir. 65.
Influir, 147.
Equivaler, 189.
-gar, 40, 44.
Infundir, 202.
Erigir> 57-
Garantir, 197.
Ingerir, 129, 202.
Erguir, 130.
Gemecer, 143.
Inhestar, no.
Errar, 112.
Gemir, 137.
Injertar, 202.
Escandecer, 143.
-ger, 41, 54.
Inquirir, 133.
Escarmentar, no.
-gir, 41, 56.
Inseguir, 137.
Escarnecer, 143.
Gobernar, no.
Inscribir, 200.
Esclarecer, 143.
Gozar, 49.
Insertar, 202.
Escocer, 125, 141.
Granizar, 98, loo.
Instituir, 147.
Escoger, 55.
Gruir, 147.
Instruir, 147.
Escolar, in.
Grunir, 65.
Intentar, no.
INDEX
2O7
Interdecir, 155.
Mentir, 129.
Pervertir, 129.
Interponer, 163.
Merecer, 143.
Picar, 43.
Intervenir, 173.
Merendar, no.
Pimpollecer, 1*3.
Introducir, 157.
Moblar, in.
Placer, 198.
Invernar, 1 10.
Mohecer, 143.
Planir, 65.
Invertir, 129, 202.
Moler, 121.
Plastecer, 143.
Investir, 137.
Morder, 121.
Plegar, no.
-ir, 14, 22, 38.
Morir, 106, 134, 200.
Poblar, in.
Ir, 107, 151, 180.
Mostrar, in.
Poder, 107, 160.
Irregular Verbs, Table of
Mover, 105, 120.
Podrecer, 143.
194.
Muir, 147.
Podrir, 135.
Irse, 182.
Mullir, 62.
Poner, 107, 162, 200.
Munir, 65.
Poseer, 69, 202.
Posponer, 163.
TV
Preconocer, 143.
Jimenzar, no.
i^i
Predecir, 155.
Jugar, 1 1 6.
Nacer, 143, 198, 202.
Predisponer, 163.
Juntar, 202.
Navegar, 45.
Preferir, 129.
Justificar, 43.
Negar, no.
Prelucir, 145.
Juzgar, 45.
Negrecer, 143.
Premorir, 135.
Nevar, 98, 101, no.
Prender, 200, 202.
T
Preponer, 163.
Ll
N
Presentir, 129.
Languidecer, 143.
i^t
Presumir, 202.
Lanzar, 48.
-ner, 41, 66.
Presuponer, 163.
Lavarse, 80, 82.
-nir, 41.
Pretender, 119, 202.
Leer, 69.
Prevalecer, 143.
Leerse, 85.
Prevaler, 189.
Ligar, 45.
Prevenir, 173.
Limpiar, 71, note.
Obedecer, 143.
Prever, 191.
Lique facer, 159.
Obstruir, 147.
Probar, III.
Lobreguecer, 143.
Obtener, 169.
Producir, 157.
Lucir, 1 06, 144.
Ofrecer, 143.
Proferir, 129.
Luir, 106, 147.
Oir, 107, 184.
Profetizar, 49.
Oler, 122.
Promo ver, 121.
LI
Omitir, 2O2.
Propender, 202.
Oponer, 163.
Proponer, 163.
Llegar, 45.
Oprimir, 202.
Proscribir, 200.
-llir, 41, 62.
Oscurecer, 143..
Proseguir, 61, 137.
Llover, 98, 100, 121.
Prostituir, 147.
Lloviznar, 98.
Proteger, 55.
Proveer, 69, 200, 202.
M
Pacer, 143, 198.
Provenir, 173.
Padecer, 143.
Pudrir, 135.
Maldecir, 155, 202.
Pagar, 44.
Malherir, 129.
Palidecer, 143.
Malquerer, 165, 202.
Parecer, 143.
Malsonar, in.
Pasar, 202.
Quebrar, no.
Maltraer, 171.
Pecar, 43.
Querer, 107, 164.
Mancornar, in.
Pedir, 137.
-quir, 41, 58.
Manifestar, no, 202.
Pegar, 45.
Manir, 197.
Pensar, 105, 108.
Mantener, 169.
Perder, 105, 118.
Marchitar, 202.
Perecer, 143.
Raer, 199.
Mecer, 141.
Permanecer, 143.
Rarefacer, 159.
Medir, 137.
Permitirse, 84.
Reagradecer, 143.
Melar, no.
Perniquebrar, no.
Reaparecer, 143.
Menguar, 47.
Perseguir, 61, 137.
Reapretar, no.
Mentar, no.
Pertenecer, 143.
Reaventar, lio.
208
INDEX
Rebendecir, 155.
Remorde.r, 121.
Revolver, 121.
Reblandecer, 143.
Remover, 121.
Rezar, 49.
Recaer, 177.
Remullir, 63.
Rivalizar, 49.
Recalentar, no.
Renacer, 143.
Robustecer, 143.
Recentar, no.
Rendir, 137.
Rodar, in.
Recenir, 137.
Renegar, no.
Roer, 199.
Recluir, 147, 202.
Renir, 137.
Rogar, in.
Recocer, 125, 141.
Repacer, 143.
Romper, 200, 202.
Recoger, 55.
Repadecer, 143.
Rugir, 57.
Recolar, in.
Repedir, 137.
Recolegir, 137.
Repensar, no.
0
Recomendar, 1 10.
Repetir, 137.
o
Recompensar, 109.
Replegar, no.
Saber, 107, 166.
Recomponer, 163.
Repoblar, in.
Sacar, 42.
Reconducir, 157.
Repodrir, 135.
Salir, 107, 1 86.
Reconocer, 143. •
Reponer, 163, 199.
Salpimentar, no.
Reconstruir, 147.
Reprobar, in.
Salpresar, 202.
Recontar, in.
Reproducir, 157.
Salpullir, 63.
Reconvalecer, 143.
Repudrir, 135.
Salvar, 202.
Reconvenir, 173.
Requebrar, IIO.
Santiguar, 47.
Recordar, ill.
Requerer, 165.
Sarmentar, no.
Recostar, in.
Requerir, 129.
Sarpullir, 63.
Recrecer, 143.
Resaber, 167.
Satisfacer, 159.
Recrudecer, 143.
Resalir, 187.
Segar, no.
Redargiiir, 149.
Resarcir, 53.
Seguir, 61, 137.
Redoler, 121.
Resegar, no.
Sembrar, no.
Reducir, 157.
Resembrar, no.
Sementar, no.
Reelegir, 137.
Resentirse, 129.
Sentar, no.
Reencomendar, no.
Resolver, 121, 200.
Sentir, 106, 128.
Referir, 129.
Resollar, ill.
Sepultar, 202.
Reflorecer, 143.
Resonar, in.
Ser, 73, 92, 98, 107.
Refluir, 147.
Resplandecer, 143.
Seramado, 94.
Reforzar, in.
Resquebrar, no.
Serrar, no.
Refregar, no.
Restablecer, 143.
Servir, 106, 136
Refreir, 139.
Restregar, no.
Simenzar, no.
Reganir, 65.
Restituir, 147.
Sobreaguar, 47.
Regar, no.
Restrinir, 65.
Sobrecrecer, 143.
Regimentar, 1 10.
Retallecer, 143.
Sobrentender, 119.
Regir, 57, 137.
Retemblar, no.
Sobreponer, 163.
Regoldar, ill.
Retener, 169.
Sobresalir, 187.
Regrunir, 65.
Retentar, no.
Sobresembrar, no.
Rehacer, 159.
Retenir, 137.
Sobresolar, in.
Rehenchir, 41, 67, 137.
Retinir, 65.
Sobrevenir, 173.
Reherir, 129.
Retonecer, 143.
Sobreventar, no.
Reherrar, no.
Retorcer, 51, 121.
Sobreverterse, 119.-
Rehervir, 129.
Retostar, in.
Sobrevestir, 129.
Rehollar, in.
Retraer, 171.
Sofrefr, 139.
Rehuir, 147.
Retribuir, 147.
Solar, in.
Rehumedecer, 143.
Retronar, in.
Soldar, in.
Reir, 138.
Retrotraer, 171.
Soler, 199.
Rejuvenecer, 143.
Revejecer, 143.
Soltar, ill, 202.
Relampaguear, 98, 102.
Revenirse, 173.
Solver, 121, 200.
Relentecer, 143.
Reventar, no.
Sollar, in.
Relucir, 145.
Rever, 191.
Somover, 121.
Remediar, 71, note.
Reverdecer, 119.
Sonar, 105, 114.
Remendar, IIO.
Reverter, 119.
Sonreir, 139.
Rementir, 129.
Revestir, 137.
Sonrodarse, III.
Remolar, in.
Revolar, in.
Sonar, in.
Remoler, 121.
Revolcarse, in.
Sorregar, no.
INDEX
2O9
Sosegar, no.
Sostener, 169.
Soterrar, no.
Subarrendar, no.
Subdistinguir, 61.
Subentender, 119.
Subseguir, 137.
Subtender, 119.
Subvenir, 173.
Subvertir, 129.
Suceder, 98.
Sugerir, 129.
Sujetar, 202.
Superponer, 163.
Supervenir, 173.
Suplicar, 43.
Suponer, 163.
Suprimir, 202.
Surgir, 57.
Suspender, 202.
Sustituir, 147, 202.
Sustraer, 171.
Table of irregular verbs, 194
Tallecer, 143.
Tafier, 66.
Teger, 55.
Temblar, no.
Tender, 119.
Tener, 107, 168.
Tentar, no.
Tefiir, 137, 202.
Tocar, 43.
V
Torcer, 51, 121, 202.
Tostar, III.
Vaciar, 71.
Traducir, 107, 156.
Vagar, 45.
Traer 107, 170.
Valer, 107, 188.
Trascender, 119.
Variar, 71.
Trascolar, in.
Veneer, 50.
Trascordarse, ill.
Venir, 107, 172.
Trasegar, no.
Ventar, no.
Trasferir, 129.
Ventear, 98.
Trasfregar, no.
Ver, 107, 190, 200.
Traslucirse, 145
Verbs, Irregular, Table of,
Trasofr, 185.
194.
Trasonar, in.
Verde cer, 143.
Trasponer, 163.
Verter, 119.
Trastrocar, in.
Vestir, 137.
Trasverter, 119.
Vivir, 38.
Trasvolar, in.
Volar, ill.
Travesar, 1 10.
Volcar, in.
Trocar, 1 1 1 .
Volver, 121, 200.
Tronar, 98, in.
Tropezar, 110,
v
Tullir, 63.
i
Tumefacerse, 159.
Yacer, 107, 141, 192.
Yoguir, 61.
Yuxtaponer, 163.
U
Z
-uar, 41, 70.
-uir, 41, 146.
Zabullir, 63.
Uncir, 53.
Zaherir, 129.
Urgir, 57.
Zambullir, 63.
Usucapir, 200.
-zar, 40, 48.
Utilizar, 49.
Zurcir, 53.
New Text-Books in German
Keller's First Year in German
Cloth, i2mo. 290 pages . . . $1.00
Keller's Second Year in German
Cloth, izmo. 388 pages . . . . 1.20
By I. KELLER, Professor of the German Language and
Literature in the Normal College, New York.
These two books furnish a systematic and thorough
course for beginners in German. They combine the best
features of both the grammatical and natural methods
of teaching. The lessons in each book afford suitable
material for practice in reading, for oral and written
exercises and translations, for conversational exercises,
and for grammatical study. The student is encouraged
from the first to speak and write German as the best and
shortest means of gaining an intelligent knowledge and
use of the language.
Keller's Bilder aus der Deutschen Litteratur
By I. KELLER, Professor of the German Language and
Literature in the Normal College, New York.
Linen, i2mo. 225 pages . . .75 cents
The plan of this work will commend itself to teachers
who believe that the teaching of German literature should
concern itself with the contents and meaning of the great
works themselves more than with a critical study of what
has been said about the works. With this aim the author
gives a survey of the language and literature at its most
important epochs, selecting for detailed study the chief
works of each period and writer. A summary of the con-
tents of each work so treated is given, generally illustrated
by a quotation from the work.
The simplicity of the treatment and language fits this
work for younger students as well as for those of more
advanced grades.
Copies of any of the above books will be sent prepaid to any address,
on receipt of the price, by the Publishers :
American Book Company
New York » Cincinnati • Chicago
(7°)
Germania Texts
Edited by A. W. SPANHOOFD
These Texts include important and interesting chapters
from the works of the best German authors, and are in-
tended for advanced students in Academies, Colleges,
Universities, and German-American schools, who wish to
make a thorough study of German Literature. They are
issued in pamphlet form at a uniform price of ten cents.
The series embraces the following works :
1 Burgers Lenore. With Sketch of Burger's Life and Works and
Extracts from ERICH SCHMIDT'S celebrated essay.
2. Vergleichung Goethes und Schillers ;
Lessings und Herders. G. G. GERVINUS.
3. Klopstocks Bedeutung fur sein Zeitalter. C. L. CHOLEVIUS.
4. Reineke Fuchs. H. KURZ.
5. Die Kronung Josefs II. GOETHE. With Notes.
6. Lessings Dramaturgie. G. G. GERVINUS.
Lessings Minna von Barnhelm. H. KURZ.
7. Meier Helmbrecht. Dr. H. KHULL.
8. Wieland. From GOETHE'S Gedachtnisrede.
9. Wielands Oberon. H. KURZ.
10. Schiller's Lied von der Glocke. With Notes. A. W. Spanhoofd.
11. Matthias Claudius als Volksdichter. W. HERBST.
12. Schiller's Kraniche des Ibykus and Eleusische Fast. With Notes.
A. W. Spanhoofd.
Copies of any of the Germania Texts -will be sent prepaid to any address,
on receipt of the price (10 cents) by the Publishers'
American Book Company
NEW YORK . CINCINNATI - CHICAGO
Popular Text-Books in German
By Dr. WILHELM BERNHARDT
Late Director of German Instruction in Washington City High Schools
DEUTSCHES SPRACH- UNO LESEBUCH
Part I., Cloth, I2mo, 258 pages $1.10
Part II., Cloth, I2mo, 300 pages 1.10
Revised Edition, including material for German Prose Composition,
tables of Declensions and Conjugations, Suggestions to Teachers, etc.
GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Cloth, I2mo, 118 pages ...... 75 cents
A complete vocabulary to the Deutsches Sprach- und Lesebuch.
HAUPTFATKA AUS DER GESCHICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN LIT-
TERATUR. Cloth, I2tno, 103 pages .... 75 cents
A brief comparative outline of German Literature.
IM ZWIELICHT. Vol. I. First Readings in German Prose. Vol. II.
Intermediate Readings in German Prose.
Cloth, I2mo. Per volume ..... 65 cents
Short stories from Rudolf Baumbach's Marchen and Erzahlungen.
FREUDVOLL UND LEIDVOLL
Cloth, I2mo, 125 pages. With Notes ... 65 cents
A collection of stories from Peschkau, von Wildenbruch, Stokl,
Seidel, von Goetzendorff-Grabowski, and Baumbach.
ES WAR EINMAL
Cloth, i2mo, 174 pages ...... 65 cents
Modern fairy tales from the writings of Baumbach and Wildenbruch.
SEIDEL'S LEBERECHT HUHNCHEN UND ANDERE SONDERLINGE
Boards, I2mo, 72 pages. With vocabulary . . 30 cents
SCHILLER'S GUSTAV ADOLF IN DEUTSCHLAND
Boards, I2mo, 144 pages. With vocabulary . . 45 cents
DAS MADCHEN VON TREPPI, and MARION. Two Novelettes by
PAUL HEYSE. Boards, I2mo, 96 pages ... 30 cents
Copies of any of these books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on
receipt of the price by the Publishers :
American Book Company
NEW YORK * CINCINNATI . CHICAGO
(117)
German
A Brief German Grammar. WITH EXERCISES.
By HJALMAR EDGREN, Ph.D., and LAURENCE FOSSLER, A.M.,
of the University of Nebraska.
Linen, ismo, 181 pages ..... Price, 75 cents
This brief Grammar is designed for high school and
college students, or students of equivalent training. It
aims to prepare the way for critical reading and for
practice in writing and speaking the language, on the basis
of a systematic knowledge of the essentials of German
grammar and syntax and the elements of a German vocab-
ulary rationally acquired.
The presentation is thorough, scientific, and practical,
and will give the beginner a firm and intelligent grasp of
the language at the earliest practicable moment. Following
the grammar is a series of carefully graded exercises,
sufficient to furnish all the practice needed in reading and
writing German until the grammatical study is completed.
Special attention is given throughout the book to the
important subject of derivations with particular reference
to the etymological relations of German and English
words. Other special features of the book are the refer-
ence lists of all simple verbs deviating from the new or
regular conjugations and the treatment of derivatives,
sound correspondences, formative elements, etc. The book
is made serviceable for the student by a well selected
English-German vocabulary and a very complete index.
Copies of Edgren and Fossler's German Grammar -will be sent, prepaid^
to any address on receipt of the price by the Publishers :
American Book Company
NEW YORK . CINCINNATI • CHICAGO
Modern French Texts
Comprising Selected Stories and Readings, carefully
edited and accompanied by adequate explanatory notes
and vocabularies. They are designed to be used in con-
nection with the study of French, and as an introduction
to general French Literature. The series includes;
Contes et Legendes
By H. A. GUERBER, author of Myths of Greece and Rome, etc.
Part I — Linen, I2mo, 183 pages ... 60 cents
Part II — Linen, i2tno, ig2 pages ... 60 cents
A collection of Fairy Tales and Legends told in such a pleasing way
as to awaken the deepest interest and induce pupils to read to the end.
Mairet's La Tache du Petit Pierre
Arranged for Reading Classes by Edith Healy.
Boards, I2mo, 140 pages ...... 35 cents
This charming story appeared in 1887, and its immediate success
was so great that it received the honor of coronation by the French
Academy.
Nodier's Le Chien du Brisquet, and Other Stories
Edited for School Use by L. C. Syms, author of First, Second, and
Third Years in French. Boards, I2mo, in pages 35 cents
A selection of popular French stories by well-known authors, suitable
for use in the second or third year of the French course.
L'Abbe Constantin
A Comedy in Three Acts by HECTOR CREMIEUX and PIERRE
DECOURCELLE. Adapted from the romance of Ludovic Haltvy.
Edited for school use by Victor E. Fra^ois, Instructor in
French in the University of Michigan.
Boards, I2mo, in pages . , , . , 35 cents
Dix Contes Nouveaux
Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by C. FONTAINE, Director of
French and Spanish Instruction in Washington, D. C., High
Schools. Boards, i2mo 1 68 pages . . . 45 cents
A collection of selected tales from the writings of Theuriet, Blacke,
Halevy, Rameau, Chotel, Veron, Cheneviere, France, Coppee, and
Arene.
Racine's Iphige'nie
Edited by Benjamin Duryea Woodward, B. es L., Ph.D., of the
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures in Columbia
University. Cloth, I2mo, 198 pages ... 60 cents
Copies of the Modern French Texts will be sent prepaid to any address,
on receipt of the price by the Publishers :
American Book Company
NEW YORK » CINCINNATI • CHICAGO
(75)
Improved Text-Books in French
Syrns's First Year in French. 128 pages . . . $0.50
Syms's Second Year in French. 303 pages . . . 1.00
Syms's Third Year in French. 314 pages . . . 1.20
BY L. C. SYMS
Bachelier es Lettres, Licencie en Droit de 1'Universite de France.
These three books make a complete course in French,
designed to train pupils not only to read, but to speak and
write the language correctly.
In their preparation the author has aimed to unite two
contending systems of teaching languages, one of which
is known as the Natural or Conversational Method, the
other as the Translation Method.
The First Book is intended for pupils beginning the
study, and consists of easy and progressive lessons. In the
Second Book the general plan has been so arranged as to
give an almost equal space and time to reading, conver-
sation, translation, and grammar. In addition to the
study of verbs, the basis of the whole method, special
attention is given to all points which may prove to be
specially difficult for English-speaking students.
The Third Year in French follows the same plan
adopted in the first two books of the series, and with them
makes a complete course in French, intended to meet all
the requirements of preparatory schools, academies, and
colleges. The reading lessons in this book show a
marked progression, preparing the student for an intel-
ligent study of the masterpieces of French literature.
Selections from French classic and modern poets are
given for reading and memorizing. It also contains
tables of conjugations and of the principal irregular verbs,
vocabularies, etc.
Copies of these books -will be sent prepaid to any address, on receipt of
the price by the Publishers :
American Book Company
NEW YORK » CINCINNATI * CHICAGO
(76)
•:->
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11